Neonatology

Question 1

A rapid scoring system that helps evaluate the need for neonatal resuscitation: […]

Answer 1

APGAR score

Question 2

APGAR score

Answer 2

Appearance
Pulse
Grimance
Activity
Respiration

Taken at 1 & 5 min after birth

Question 3

What APGAR score indicate the need for immediate resuscitation?

Answer 3

0-3

Question 4

APGAR score of […] reflect good cardiopulmonary adaptation

Answer 4

8-10

Question 5

Most common type of TEF : […]

Answer 5

EA with distal TEF
85%

Question 6

Tracheoesophageal Fistulas associated with defects such as Esophageal Atresia and […] anomalies

Answer 6

VACTERL
Vertevral
Anal
Cardiac
Tracheo/ Esophageal
Renal
Limb

Question 7

Signs of TEF:

Answer 7

🔸Polyhydramnios in utero
🔸Inability to feed (chocking, drooling, vomit)
🔸Cyanosis “2° laryngospasm ~ to avoid reflux-associated aspiration”

Question 8

Clinical test for TEF :

Answer 8

NGT coiled in esophagus

Question 9

🩻 CXR findings of TEF:

Answer 9

EA with TEF : prominent gastric bubble
Pure (H-type) TEF: prominent gastric bubble
Pure EA : gasless stomach

Question 10

Confirm diagnosis of TES : […]

Answer 10

Bronchoscopy

Question 11

90% of congenital diaphragmatic hernia located at […]

Answer 11

Posterior left
(Bochdalek)

Question 12

Signs & symptoms of diaphragmatic hernia:

Answer 12

🔸Respiratory distress (from pulmonary hypoplasia & PAH)
🔸Sunken abdomen
🩺Bowel sounds over left hemothorax

Question 13

Patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia may need […] to manage pulmonary hypertension

Answer 13

High-frequency ventilation
Or ECMO

Question 14

Hiatal hernias subtypes:

Answer 14

Type1: Sliding hiatal hernia (gastric cardia)
Type2: Paraesophageal (fundus)
Type2: Type1 + Type2

Question 15

GE junction displaced in type […] hiatal hernia

Answer 15

1 (Sliding) hiatal hernia &
3 (Mixed)

Question 16

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia causes by defect of […]

Answer 16

Pleuroperitoneal membrane

Question 17

Gastroschisis

Answer 17

Herniation of intestine only through the abdominal wall (typically right of umbilicus)
🚫 No sac
🚫 No chromosomal abnormalities

Question 18

Gastroschisis presentation

Answer 18

🔸polyhydramnios in untero
🔸premature
🔸erythematous, matted bowel ~Exposed G~
🔸associated with GI stones or atresia

Question 19

Omphalocele

Answer 19

Herniation of abdominal viscera (+/- Liver) through abdominal wall at the umbilicus
✅ Sac covered by peritoneum & amniotic fluid
✅ Chromosomal anomalies “Beckwith & Trisomies”

Question 20

Omphalocele presentation

Answer 20

🔸polyhydramnios in untero
🔸premature
🔸sac ~covered O~
🔸associated with other GI & cardiac defects

Question 21

Gastroschisis associated with […]

Answer 21

GI stones or atresia

Question 22

Omphalocele associated with […]

Answer 22

💩GI defects (Diaphragmatic hernia)
🫀Cardiac defect (anomalies, pericardium malformation)
🧬Trismoy 13 &18, Beckwith-Wiedemann

Question 23

Failure of umbilical ring to close after physiologic herniation of the intestines

Answer 23

Congenital umbilical hernia

Question 24

When repair is needed for congenital umbilical hernia?

Answer 24

1. Age >4 yr
2. Size >1.5 cm
3. Bowel incarceration

Small defects close spontaneously ~2-4 yr

Question 25

Intestinal atresia present with […] and […] first 1-2 days of life

Answer 25

Bilious vomiting 🤮 & Abd distention

Question 26

Duodenal atresia
Pathophysiology

Answer 26

Failure to recanalize (GA 8-10 weeks)

Question 27

Jejunal atresia
Pathophysiology

Answer 27

Disruption of mesenteric vessels (cocaine exposure)

Question 28

Duodenal atresia associated with […] syndrome

Answer 28

🧜🏻 Down

Question 29

🩻
Douple bubble sign

Answer 29

Duodenal atresia

Question 30

🩻
Triple bubble sign

Answer 30

Jejunal atresia