Neonate And Infant Flashcards
Neonate period
Birth to 4 weeks
Infant period
5th week to walking
APGAR
Appearance Pulse Grimace (reflex response) Activity (muscle tone) Respiratory effort
Physical characteristics of newborn
Head- large in proportion to rest of body, 1in larger than chest, suture, fontanels
Face- Eyes small, swollen, grey/blue, Gums pink and moist, flat nose, receding chin
Length- heel to toe, avg. 20”, range 19-22”
Weight- avg. 7.5, range 5.5-10 lbs
Skin- thin and pale
Abdomen, large flabby
Sutures
6 soft bones separated by band of cartilage
Fontanels
Two soft spots
Anterior- closes at12-18 months, diamond shaped
Posterior- closes at 4 months, triangular shape
Erythromycin
Prevents against blindness related to gonorrhea
Length
Grows 1” per mont the first year
Weight
Doubles birth weight by 5-6 months
Triples birth weight by first birthday
75% consist of water
Acrocyanosis
Hands and feet blue
Mongolian spots
Irregular pigment area in LS region, usually fades by 4 years
Physiologic jaundice
Yellow color to ski and sclera
48-75 hours after birth
Lanugo
Down like hair
Vernix caseosa
Cottage cheese like substance that protects fetus from amniotic fluid
Milia
White spots on nose, chin- retention of sebaceous material in sebaceous glands
Meconium
Stool in first 24 hours
Black/green, sticky,tarry, odorless
Pseudomenstration
Menstruation in female infant due to mines from mother
“witches milk”
Leakage from infants nipples
Void within 24 hours
8-10 times a day
Moro
Sudden movement or jarring of position causes extension and adduction of extremities
Tonic neck
While laying down; If head of infant is turned to one side, infant will extend arm and leg on that side
Rooting
When newborn’s cheek is gently stroked, infants turns toward that side and opens mouth
Babinski
When new borns sole is stroked, toes hyper extend and fan outward; big toe turns upward
Temp
Axillary 97.7-99.5 F
Pulse
Apicale 120-160
As low as 100 or as high as 200
Respirations
30-
Irregular, shallow, diaphragmatic
Blood pressure
65/45
Motor development
Head control @ 2 months Roll over @ 4 months Roll both ways @ 6 months *Sitting @ 7 months Crawling @ 9 months *Creeping @ 10 months Walking @ 12-15 months
Psychological development
Trust vs mistrust
Environment consistently satisfies basic needs
Parental guidance:
Distraction up to 6 months
Direct after 6months “No”
Focus on praising the positive, desirable behavior
Cognitive development
Piaget- begins life with no understanding of the world
Sensorimotor- understanding of environment by interacting with it
Moral development
No conscious or system of values
React to pain and love
Satisfaction of needs
Communication
Crying Smiling @ 2 months Babble @ 3 months "da-da" at 8 months 4-6words at 12 months Talk or read to infant to increase language comprehension and verbal ability
Watch for delays
Certain persistence of reflexes No response to sound No grasp Not meeting movements when expected Delayed gesturing-waving
Nutrition
Breast vs bottle Solids by 6 months Introduce foods one at a time Dental caries (cavities) Bottle mouth syndrome
Sleep
Normal sleep patterns
Neonate- 20 hours
At 1 year- 12 hours
SIDS- 1 in 500, between 1-4 months
Infant should sleep on back and side
2400hr-0600
Play
Needed for growth and development, socialization
First year- non symbolic- helps infant gain information about objects
-age appropriate playthings
-solitary play
Safety
New born totally helpless Caregiver meets all safety needs Approved cribs, car seats Prevent drowning, aspiration, suffocation Do not leave unattended EVER Support head Beware of lead poisoning
What requires medical attention
Fever over 101 F Difficult, labored breathing Unexplained rash Absence of stools or urine Persistent vomiting or or diarrhea Extreme lethargy or hyper irritability
Reye’s syndrome
Do Not give aspirin
Beware of products containing aspirin
Use acetaminophen
Immuzations
Hep b Diphtheria/tetanus/ pertussis Inactivated polio v Pneumococcal conjugate Influenza
Minor side effects of immunizations
Ed tenderness
Irritability
Erythema
Swelling at site
Major side effects of immunizations
Increased temp. Greater then 102 F
Loss of consciousness
Paralysis
Persistent, inconsolable crying
Well child visits
Usually in line with immunization schedule
2, 4, 6, and 12 months
