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Neonatal and pediatric > NEONATAL AND PEDIATRIC > Flashcards

NEONATAL AND PEDIATRIC Flashcards

1
Q

is the age of the infant computed from the date of birth

A

Chronologic age

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2
Q

is the age of the infant computed from the date of conception

A

Gestational age

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3
Q

Term infants are born between?

A

37 and 42
weeks of gestational age

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4
Q

preterm infants (premature or “preemies”) are born at fewer than

A

37 weeks of gestational age

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5
Q

postterm infants are born at

A

43 or more weeks of
gestational age

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6
Q

GRAVIDA is a pregnant woman, PARA is a woman who delivers a live infant,
and ABORTION is the delivery of a dead infant or embryo.

A
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7
Q

Infants born prematurely are more susceptible to develop?

A
  • RDS
  • pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE),
  • intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)
  • bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).
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8
Q

Post-term infants are more susceptible to:

A
  • severe perinatal asphyxia
  • meconium aspiration
  • persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN).
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9
Q

caused by a failure to re-absorb
fetal lung fluid after birth.

A

transient tachypnea
of the newborn (TTN)

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10
Q

is a simple, quick, and reliable means to assess and document the newborn’s status immediately after birth.

A

Apgar score

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11
Q

Those who are adjusting well to extrauterine life usually have 1-minute scores ____________

A

7 to 10 but may still show:
- acrocyanosis
- irregular respirations
- hypotonia

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12
Q

Moderately depressed infants with 1-minute scores of __________

A

4 to 6 may need more than routine care and often require an increased FIo2 with BVM ventilation.

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13
Q

Infants who have 1-minute scores of ___________

A

0 to 3 are:
- severely depressed
- need extensive medical resuscitation
that may include intubation and mechanical ventilation.

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14
Q

The simplest resuscitation required for newborns:

A

clearing the airway and drying the skin

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15
Q

Allows for the evaluation of the
L/S ratio to assess pulmonary lung maturity.

A

Amniocentesis

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16
Q

A healthy fetus has a minimum of an increase in heart rate of at least:

A

15 beats/minute

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17
Q

Low birthweight (LBW): _____
Very low birthweight (VLBW): _____
Extremely low birthweight (ELBW): ______

A
  • less than 2500 g
  • less than 1500 g
  • less than 1000 g
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18
Q
  • weight is appropriate for the gestational age: ______
  • smaller than expected, the weight falls below the 10th percentile for the gestational age: _____
  • heavier than expected, the birthweight is above the 90th percentile for the gestational age: ______
A
  • Appropriate for gestational age (AGA)
  • Small for gestational age (SGA)
  • Large for gestational age (LGA)
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19
Q

Gestational age is assigned by

A
  • maternal dates
  • fetal ultrasound
  • gestational assessment examination.
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20
Q
  • Hyperthermia is a core body temperature of more than 37.5° C or 99.5° F.
  • Hyperthermia in the newborn usually is caused by environmental factors.
A
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21
Q
  • Hypothermia is a core body temperature of less than 36.5° C or 97.7° F.
  • Hypothermia is a more common and
    significantly more serious sign of INFECTION in the newborn than in the older child or adult.
A
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22
Q

The most common methods to measure temperature are:

A

axillary and rectal temperatures.

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23
Q

The normal pulse rate for newborns is between

A

100 and 160 beats/minute.

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24
Q

The normal respiratory rate for
neonates and infants is between:

A

30 and 60 breaths/minute

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25
Q

TACHYPNEA can be caused by
- hypoxemia,
- metabolic and respiratory acidosis,
- CCHD,
- anxiety,
- pain,
- hyperthermia and
- crying.

A
26
Q

BRADYPNEA can be caused by
- certain medications (e.g., narcotics),
- hypothermia, and
- central nervous system diseases,

A
27
Q

Respiratory rates that exceed 60 breaths/minute but normalize over the next several hours may indicate TTN (Transient tachypnea of newborn)

A
28
Q

Apnea may be accompanied by
- cyanosis,
- bradycardia,
- pallor, and
- hypotonia.

A
29
Q

Gasping respiratory efforts are never to be considered normal respiratory patterns in newborns.

A
30
Q

Usually, a term neonate’s systolic blood pressure should be no higher than
70 mm Hg, with diastolic pressure no higher than 50 mm
Hg.

A
31
Q

Normal pulse pressure (the difference between systolic and diastolic blood
pressure) in a term infant is between 15
and 25 mm Hg

A
32
Q

Difference in blood pressure between upper and lower extremities can be an indication of a CCHD such as

A

Coarctation of the aorta

33
Q

The infant should be unclothed and in a
______ position initially in a quiet environment.

A

SUPINE

34
Q

Peripheral cyanosis of the hands and feet during the first 24 to 72 hours of life:

A

Acrocyanosis

35
Q

An infant with respiratory distress characteristically exhibits:

A
  • tachypnea (discussed earlier),
  • retractions,
  • nasal flaring, and sometimes
  • grunting
36
Q

Retractions in the infant generally indicate:

A
  • decrease in lung compliance, and a
  • serious increase in the work of
    breathing or
  • airway resistance, or both.
37
Q

It is a cardinal sign of respiratory distress and increased work of breathing in the infant.

A

Nasal flaring

38
Q

Is a sound heard at the end of
expiration just before rapid inspiration

A

Grunting

39
Q

Capillary refill should be less than 3 seconds and will be greater than 3 seconds if the infant has a ________ or _________

A

low cardiac output or decreased peripheral perfusion.

40
Q

This can decrease blood flow to the
skin and prolong capillary refill:

A
  • acidosis,
  • hypoxemia,
  • hypoglycemia
  • hypothermia
41
Q

Is a technique often used in examining the chest of neonates and small infants, but not an older child or adult?

A

Transillumination

42
Q

In the presence of a pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum, the entire hemithorax lights up, dispersing the
light in an irregular shape

A
43
Q

Leukopenia, particularly neutropenia is a more ominous sign. Usually, neutropenia indicates an infection and implies that the
infant may be developing an _________

A

overwhelming infection

44
Q

A chronically ill infant with POOR NUTRITION has low levels of calcium and phosphorus and an increased risk for developing rickets.

A
45
Q

Any condition that decreases blood flow under the electrode, such as acidosis, shock, hypovolemia, or hypoglycemia, can cause tcpo2 to be falsely lower than Pao2.

A
46
Q

Three volumes can be measured easily in newborns independent of their cooperation:
- FRC,
- thoracic gas volume (TGV), and
- crying vital capacity (CVC).

A
47
Q

Resistance is elevated in infants with:

A

MAS and BPD

48
Q

The most important clinical lung volume measurement is the:

A

FRC

49
Q
  • In the older pediatric patient, the preferred position for taking x-ray films is upright:
  • most chest x-ray films
    are taken with the infant in the _________ position
A

Supine Position

50
Q

Chest radiographs should be done in infants who have:

A
  • unexplained tachypnea,
  • cyanosis,
  • abnormal breath sounds,
  • malformations of the chest or airway, or an
  • overall generalized sick appearance.
51
Q

is a disease of inadequate surfactant production. The immature alveoli have increased surface tension and collapse. The chest radiograph of these infants is fairly typical. It includes a diffuse, hazy ground-glass appearance; air bronchograms extending out to the periphery of the lungs; and low lung volumes

A

RDS

52
Q

is primarily an airway disease. The stressed mature fetus passes meconium into the amniotic fluid and then with gasping respirations inhales the meconium-laden amniotic fluid into its lungs.

A

MAS

53
Q

The indications for umbilical artery catheterization include :

A
  • source for frequent ABG sampling
  • continuous blood pressure monitoring
  • large-scale blood replacement
54
Q
  • is usually a viral disease affecting the trachea and small airways in children
  • tends to appear in children between 3 months and 5 years old, but it can happen at any age
  • The child may have cold symptoms, such as a stuffy or runny nose, for a few days and may also have a fever. These
    symptoms progress to a loud, seal-like barking cough; rapid or difficult respiration; and grunting or wheezing while breathing.
A

CROUP

55
Q
  • is usually a bacterial disease that causes
    significant edema and inflammation of the epiglottis
  • very uncommon because the Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine is a routine childhood
    immunization.
  • The disease was once most often seen in
    children aged 2 to 6 years
A

Epiglottitis

56
Q
  • is a chronic airway disease that is caused by airway inflammation and
    hyperresponsiveness to irritants.
  • The typical symptoms
    include intermittent dry cough and expiratory wheezing.
A

Asthma

57
Q

First 2 weeks of pregnancy, when
the female ovum and male sperm unite

A

Conception

58
Q

Pregnancy weeks 3 to 12,
encompassing 4 to 8 weeks of embryo development. This is when the major organs such
as the central nervous system and heart begin
development.

A

Embryonic stage

59
Q

Encompasses the
remaining weeks 13 to 40 for a full-term delivery. Most lung development occurs during this phase

A

Fetal development stage

60
Q

Toward the end of this phase, at about week 35,
mature surfactant begins to appear

A

Saccular Phase

Neonatal and pediatric (1 decks)

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