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Neonatal > Neonatal > Flashcards

Neonatal Flashcards

1
Q

The first stage in the development of a fetus

A

fertilization

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2
Q

process by which the male sperm and female egg join together

A

fertilization

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3
Q

Approximately thirty hours after fertilization, the fertilized oocyte (egg) splits into two cells of equal size

A

blastomeres

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4
Q

After three more divisions, there are 16
cells. At this point, the group of cells is referred to as

A

morula

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5
Q

Within the first week, the cells of the morula reorganize to form a cavity, known as the
blastocyst cavity (blastocoel). From this point, the morula is known

A

blastocyst

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6
Q

contacts with the endometrium of the uterus to facilitate implantation and the formation of the placenta

A

Outer cell mass (trophoblast)

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7
Q

responsible for the formation of the embryo itself

A

Inner cell mass (embryoblast)

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8
Q

The trophoblast divides into:

A

syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast.

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9
Q

The embryoblast divides into

A

epiblast and hypoblast,

forming a two-layered structure; the bilaminar disk.

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10
Q

The amniotic cavity forms within the

A

epiblast

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11
Q

During this process, the syncytiotrophoblast becomes continuous with the uterus

A

Implantation

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12
Q

In the 3rd week of embryonic development, the cells of the bilaminar disk (epiblast and hypoblast) undergo a highly specialized process called

A

gastrulation

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13
Q

During this process, the two cell layers become three germ cell layers, and the bodily axes observed in the mature adult are created

A

gastrulation

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14
Q

Is a process of cellular rearrangement which involves migration, invagination and differentiation of the epiblast

A

Gastrulation

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15
Q

Is a groove in the midline of the epiblast which appears during the third week

A

The Primitive Streak

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16
Q

Cells of the epiblast layer break off and migrate toward

A

primitive pit

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17
Q

Germ cell layers:
formed by epiblast cells that migrate through the primitive pit and displace the hypoblast cells.

A

Endoderm

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18
Q

Germ cell layers:
formed by epiblast cells that migrate through the primitive pit and lie between
the epiblast layer and the newly created endoderm.

A

Mesoderm

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19
Q

Germ cell layers:
formed by the epiblast cells that remain in position

A

Ectoderm

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20
Q

major cause of neonatal death and
disease

A

Congenital malformation with inadequate lung development

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21
Q

Is used to describe the growth and age of a fetus, the time period between the first day of the mother’s last
menstrual period and the day of delivery

A

Gestational age

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22
Q

A pregnancy is considered to be full term at what week?

A

40 weeks of gestation

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23
Q

Is the amount of time that has elapsed since birth, Days, weeks, months, and years are used to describe

A

Postnatal age

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24
Q

Includes primitive lung development and is generally regarded to encompass the first 2 months of gestation, the diaphragm also develops

A

Embryonic phase

25
Q

The lung begins to emerge as a bud from the pharynx 26 days after conception, This lung bud elongates and forms two bronchial buds and the trachea, which
then separate from the esophagus through the development of the tracheoesophageal septum

A

Embryonic Phase

26
Q

Various growth factors and fibroblasts mediate morphogenesis of the tubular epithelium, which results in airway branching : __ on the right and __ on
the left

A

10 on right , 9 on left

27
Q

Left and right pulmonary veins start to develop at about week __ as a single evagination in the sinoatrial portion of the heart

A

Week 5

28
Q

Complete development of the diaphragm occurs by approximately week __ of gestation

A

Week 7

29
Q

This phase named after the distinct glandular appearance of the developing
lung, extends to week 16 of gestation, during which time the conducting airways continue to develop.

A

Pseudoglandular Phase

30
Q

During the pseudoglandular phase, cilia appear on the surface of the epithelium of the trachea and the mainstem bronchi at __ weeks of gestation and are present on the epithelial cells of the peripheral airways by __ weeks of gestation.

A

10 weeks, 13 weeks

31
Q

Goblet cells appear in the bronchial epithelium at __ to __ weeks of gestation, and submucosal glands arise as solid buds from the basal layers of the surface epithelium at __ to __ weeks of gestation.

A

13 to 14 weeks, 15 to 16 weeks

32
Q

The development of cartilage has been documented at __ weeks of gestation and may be present earlier.

A

24 weeks

33
Q

By __ weeks’ gestation, T lymphocytes
can be found in the respiratory system

A

14 weeks

34
Q

This phase is so named because of the appearance of vascular channels, or capillaries, that begin to grow by forming a capillary network around the air passages. Pulmonary acinar units are also formed

A

Canalicular Phase

35
Q

The capillaries develop at __ weeks of gestation and by __ weeks have increased in number.

A

20 weeks, 22 weeks

36
Q

Appearance of surfactant, what phase?

A

Canalicular phase

37
Q

approximately ______ terminal bronchioles exist in an adult lung

A

25,000

38
Q

By __ to __ weeks of gestation of canalicular phase, two types of cells can be identified within the developing
human lung. These distinct cell types are referred to as type I pneumocyte and type II pneumocyte epithelial cells.

A

20 to 22 weeks

39
Q

The conducting airways have now developed smooth muscle By the end of the ________ phase, the developing air–blood barrier is thin enough to support gas exchange.

A

canalicular phase

40
Q

The epithelial cells at this phase are capable of producing fetal lung liquid.

A

Canalicular

41
Q

The _______ phase was formerly believed to be the last stage of lung development before
birth

A

Saccular phase

42
Q

However, because alveoli are now known to form before birth, the termination of the saccular period is arbitrarily set at __ to __ weeks of gestation.

A

35 to 36 weeks

43
Q

At the beginning of this phase, at about __ weeks of gestation, the terminal structures are referred to as saccules and are relatively smooth-walled, cylindrical structures.

A

26 weeks of gestation

44
Q

Alveoli can be seen as early as __ weeks of gestation and are present at __ weeks of gestation in all fetuses.

A

32 weeks, 36 weeks

45
Q

During the ________ phase, there is a marked increase in the potential gas-exchanging surface area.

A

saccular phase

46
Q

is characterized by a
complex interaction of epithelial, fibroblast, and vascular growth factors with extracellular matrix
components.

A

Alveologenesis

47
Q

At birth, the number of alveoli is highly variable, ranging from __ million to ___ million

A

20 to 150 million

48
Q

Fetus position

A

Vertex cephalic (Arterior position before the lobar)

49
Q

Alveoli surface area

A

3 to 70 m2 at maturity

50
Q

Lung maturity ratio

A

2:1

51
Q

Lung maturity ratio

A

2:1

52
Q

Phase which immature surfactant noted

A

Canalicular phase

53
Q

Embryonal stage

A

Conception - week 6, Day 26 - 52

54
Q

Pseudoglandular stage

A

Week 7 - 16, Day 52 - Week 16

55
Q

Canalicular stage

A

Week 17 - 26

56
Q

Saccular stage

A

Week 26 - 36

57
Q

Alveolar stage

A

Week 36 - Full term

58
Q

What stage do Alveolar surfactant matured?

A

Saccular stage , after week 35

Neonatal (1 decks)

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