Neonatal

Question 1

The first stage in the development of a fetus

Answer 1

fertilization

Question 2

process by which the male sperm and female egg join together

Answer 2

fertilization

Question 3

Approximately thirty hours after fertilization, the fertilized oocyte (egg) splits into two cells of equal size

Answer 3

blastomeres

Question 4

After three more divisions, there are 16
cells. At this point, the group of cells is referred to as

Answer 4

morula

Question 5

Within the first week, the cells of the morula reorganize to form a cavity, known as the
blastocyst cavity (blastocoel). From this point, the morula is known

Answer 5

blastocyst

Question 6

contacts with the endometrium of the uterus to facilitate implantation and the formation of the placenta

Answer 6

Outer cell mass (trophoblast)

Question 7

responsible for the formation of the embryo itself

Answer 7

Inner cell mass (embryoblast)

Question 8

The trophoblast divides into:

Answer 8

syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast.

Question 9

The embryoblast divides into

Answer 9

epiblast and hypoblast,

forming a two-layered structure; the bilaminar disk.

Question 10

The amniotic cavity forms within the

Answer 10

epiblast

Question 11

During this process, the syncytiotrophoblast becomes continuous with the uterus

Answer 11

Implantation

Question 12

In the 3rd week of embryonic development, the cells of the bilaminar disk (epiblast and hypoblast) undergo a highly specialized process called

Answer 12

gastrulation

Question 13

During this process, the two cell layers become three germ cell layers, and the bodily axes observed in the mature adult are created

Answer 13

gastrulation

Question 14

Is a process of cellular rearrangement which involves migration, invagination and differentiation of the epiblast

Answer 14

Gastrulation

Question 15

Is a groove in the midline of the epiblast which appears during the third week

Answer 15

The Primitive Streak

Question 16

Cells of the epiblast layer break off and migrate toward

Answer 16

primitive pit

Question 17

Germ cell layers:
formed by epiblast cells that migrate through the primitive pit and displace the hypoblast cells.

Answer 17

Endoderm

Question 18

Germ cell layers:
formed by epiblast cells that migrate through the primitive pit and lie between
the epiblast layer and the newly created endoderm.

Answer 18

Mesoderm

Question 19

Germ cell layers:
formed by the epiblast cells that remain in position

Answer 19

Ectoderm

Question 20

major cause of neonatal death and
disease

Answer 20

Congenital malformation with inadequate lung development

Question 21

Is used to describe the growth and age of a fetus, the time period between the first day of the mother’s last
menstrual period and the day of delivery

Answer 21

Gestational age

Question 22

A pregnancy is considered to be full term at what week?

Answer 22

40 weeks of gestation

Question 23

Is the amount of time that has elapsed since birth, Days, weeks, months, and years are used to describe

Answer 23

Postnatal age

Question 24

Includes primitive lung development and is generally regarded to encompass the first 2 months of gestation, the diaphragm also develops

Answer 24

Embryonic phase

Question 25

The lung begins to emerge as a bud from the pharynx 26 days after conception, This lung bud elongates and forms two bronchial buds and the trachea, which then separate from the esophagus through the development of the tracheoesophageal septum

Answer 25

Embryonic Phase

Question 26

Various growth factors and fibroblasts mediate morphogenesis of the tubular epithelium, which results in airway branching : __ on the right and __ on the left

Answer 26

10 on right , 9 on left

Question 27

Left and right pulmonary veins start to develop at about week __ as a single evagination in the sinoatrial portion of the heart

Answer 27

Week 5

Question 28

Complete development of the diaphragm occurs by approximately week __ of gestation

Answer 28

Week 7

Question 29

This phase named after the distinct glandular appearance of the developing lung, extends to week 16 of gestation, during which time the conducting airways continue to develop.

Answer 29

Pseudoglandular Phase

Question 30

During the pseudoglandular phase, cilia appear on the surface of the epithelium of the trachea and the mainstem bronchi at __ weeks of gestation and are present on the epithelial cells of the peripheral airways by __ weeks of gestation.

Answer 30

10 weeks, 13 weeks

Question 31

Goblet cells appear in the bronchial epithelium at __ to __ weeks of gestation, and submucosal glands arise as solid buds from the basal layers of the surface epithelium at __ to __ weeks of gestation.

Answer 31

13 to 14 weeks, 15 to 16 weeks

Question 32

The development of cartilage has been documented at __ weeks of gestation and may be present earlier.

Answer 32

24 weeks

Question 33

By __ weeks’ gestation, T lymphocytes can be found in the respiratory system

Answer 33

14 weeks

Question 34

This phase is so named because of the appearance of vascular channels, or capillaries, that begin to grow by forming a capillary network around the air passages. Pulmonary acinar units are also formed

Answer 34

Canalicular Phase

Question 35

The capillaries develop at __ weeks of gestation and by __ weeks have increased in number.

Answer 35

20 weeks, 22 weeks

Question 36

Appearance of surfactant, what phase?

Answer 36

Canalicular phase

Question 37

approximately ______ terminal bronchioles exist in an adult lung

Answer 37

25,000

Question 38

By __ to __ weeks of gestation of canalicular phase, two types of cells can be identified within the developing human lung. These distinct cell types are referred to as type I pneumocyte and type II pneumocyte epithelial cells.

Answer 38

20 to 22 weeks

Question 39

The conducting airways have now developed smooth muscle By the end of the ________ phase, the developing air–blood barrier is thin enough to support gas exchange.

Answer 39

canalicular phase

Question 40

The epithelial cells at this phase are capable of producing fetal lung liquid.

Answer 40

Canalicular

Question 41

The _______ phase was formerly believed to be the last stage of lung development before birth

Answer 41

Saccular phase

Question 42

However, because alveoli are now known to form before birth, the termination of the saccular period is arbitrarily set at __ to __ weeks of gestation.

Answer 42

35 to 36 weeks

Question 43

At the beginning of this phase, at about __ weeks of gestation, the terminal structures are referred to as saccules and are relatively smooth-walled, cylindrical structures.

Answer 43

26 weeks of gestation

Question 44

Alveoli can be seen as early as __ weeks of gestation and are present at __ weeks of gestation in all fetuses.

Answer 44

32 weeks, 36 weeks

Question 45

During the ________ phase, there is a marked increase in the potential gas-exchanging surface area.

Answer 45

saccular phase

Question 46

is characterized by a complex interaction of epithelial, fibroblast, and vascular growth factors with extracellular matrix components.

Answer 46

Alveologenesis

Question 47

At birth, the number of alveoli is highly variable, ranging from __ million to ___ million

Answer 47

20 to 150 million

Question 48

Fetus position

Answer 48

Vertex cephalic (Arterior position before the lobar)

Question 49

Alveoli surface area

Answer 49

3 to 70 m2 at maturity

Question 50

Lung maturity ratio

Answer 50

2:1

Question 51

Lung maturity ratio

Answer 51

2:1

Question 52

Phase which immature surfactant noted

Answer 52

Canalicular phase

Question 53

Embryonal stage

Answer 53

Conception - week 6, Day 26 - 52

Question 54

Pseudoglandular stage

Answer 54

Week 7 - 16, Day 52 - Week 16

Question 55

Canalicular stage

Answer 55

Week 17 - 26

Question 56

Saccular stage

Answer 56

Week 26 - 36

Question 57

Alveolar stage

Answer 57

Week 36 - Full term

Question 58

What stage do Alveolar surfactant matured?

Answer 58

Saccular stage , after week 35