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Veterinary Technology > Nematodes (Roundworms) > Flashcards

Nematodes (Roundworms) Flashcards

1
Q

Ascaroidea (Ascarids)

What are the Ascarids of dogs and cats?

A

Toxocara canis

Toxocara cati

Toxocara leonina

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2
Q

Where are Ascarids (roundworms) found?

A

Small intestine of dogs and cats

Most areas of the world

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3
Q

What do adult Ascarids look like?

A

3cm to 18cm in length

Usually tightly coiled when passed.

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4
Q

What do eggs of Toxocara spp. look like?

A

Spherical

Deeply pigmented center

Rough pitted outer shell

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5
Q

What is the prepatent period of Toxocara canis?

A

21 - 35 days

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6
Q

What is the prepatent period of Toxocara leonina?

A

74 days

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7
Q

What is the “equine ascarid” or the “equine roundworm?”

A

Parascaris equorum

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8
Q

What is the prepatent period of Parascaris equorum?

A

75 to 80 days

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9
Q

What do eggs of Parascaris equorum look like?

A

Oval

Brown

Thick shell

Finely granular surface

90 to 100um

Center of egg contains 1 or 2 cells

Recovered with fecal flotation

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10
Q

Where is Toxocara (Neoascaris) vitulorum found?

A

Calves

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11
Q

Where are Ascaris suum found?

A

Small intestine of swine

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12
Q

What do eggs of Ascaris suum look like?

A

Oval

Golden brown

Thick albuminous shell that bears prominent projections

70 to 80um by 37 to 40 um

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13
Q

What is the common name for Strongyloidea?

A

Hookworms

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14
Q

What is the canine hookworm called?

A

Ancylostoma caninum

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15
Q

What is the feline hookworm called?

A

Ancylostoma tubaeforme

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16
Q

What is a hookworm common to both dogs and cats?

A

Ancylostoma braziliense

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17
Q

What is the northern canine hookworm?

A

Uncinaria stenocephala

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18
Q

What is the hookworm of ruminants?

A

Bunostomum phlebotomum

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19
Q

What do eggs of all hookworms look like?

A

Oval or ellipsoid

Thin walls

Contain 8 to 16 cells when passed in feces

Recovered in standard fecal flotation

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20
Q

What is the general term for nematodes that parasitize the large intestine of horses?

A

Strongly es

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21
Q

What are the large strongyles?

A

Strongyloidea vulgaris

Strongylus edentatus

Strongylus equinus

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22
Q

What do strongyle eggs look like?

A

Contain an 8 to 16 cell morula

70 to 90um by 40 to 50 um

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23
Q

What is the nodular worm of swine?

A

Oesophagostomum dentatum

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24
Q

What is the prepatent period of Oesophagostomum dentatum?

A

50 days

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25
Q

What do eggs of Oesophagostomum dentatum look like?

A

trichostrongyle type = oval, thin shelled

Contain 4 to 16 cells

40um by 70um

Fecal flotation

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26
Q

Where are bovine trichostongyle nematodes found?

A

Within the abomassum and the small and large intestines of cattle and other ruminants.

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27
Q

What are the 7 genera of nematodes that produce trichostrongyle-type eggs?

A 
Bunostomum
Cooperia
Chabertia 
Haemonchus
Oesophagostomum
Ostertagia
Trichostrongylus
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28
Q

What do the eggs of bovine trichostrongyles look like?

A 
Oval
Thin shelled
Contain 4 or more cells
70 to 120um long
identification of exact species usually involves fecal culture and larval identification
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29
Q

What 2 species of trichostrongyles have much larger eggs?

A

Nematodirus

Marshallagia

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30
Q

What is the lungworm species of cattle?

A

Dictyocaulus

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31
Q

What are the lungworms of cattle called

A

Dictyocaulus viviparus

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32
Q

What are the lungworms of sheep and goats?

A

Dictyocaulus filaria

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33
Q

Where are adult Dictyocaulus found in the animal?

A

Bronchi

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34
Q

What is the equine lungworm called?

A

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

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35
Q

What is the usual prepatent period of Dictyocaulus?

A

28 days

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36
Q

What is the ‘red stomach worm” of swine?

A

Hyostrongylus rubidus

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37
Q

What do the Hyostrongylus rubidus eggs look like?

A

trichostrongyle type
contain 4 or more cells
71um to 78um by 35um to 42um
recovered with fecal flotation

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38
Q

What is the prepatent period of Hyostrongylus rubidus?

A

20 days

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39
Q

What is the name of the “feline trichostrongyle?”

A

Ollulanus tricuspis

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40
Q

What is the main symptom of cats who have Ollulanus tricuspis?

A

vomiting

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41
Q

What are the names of the 3 “intestinal threadworms?”

A

Strongyloides stercoralis
Strongyloides tumefaciens
Strongyloides papillosus

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42
Q

What is Rhabditoidea?

A

Threadworms

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43
Q

How are the Strongyloides spp. unique?

A

Only a parthenogenetic female is parasitic

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44
Q

What does parthenogenetic mean?

A

Can lay eggs without copulation with a male

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45
Q

What is the parthenogenetic life cycle of female nematodes?

A

Produce eggs

Eggs hatch in the intestine of dog and release first-stage larvae.

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46
Q

What do larvae of Strongyloides look like?

A

280um to 310um long
Have a rhabditiform (club-shaped espphagus) with a club-shaped cranial corpus.
Have a narrow medium isthmus and a caudal bulb

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47
Q

What is the prepatent period of Strongyloides?

A

8 to 14 days

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48
Q

What is the intestinal threadworm of horses?

A

Strongyloides westeri

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49
Q

What do Strongyloides westeri eggs look like?

A

larvated

40um to 52um by 32um to 40um

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50
Q

How are Strongyloides westeri eggs recovered?

A

fecal flotation of fresh feces

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51
Q

What is the prepatent period of Strongyloides westeri?

A

5 to 7 days

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52
Q

What is the intestinal threadworm of pigs?

A

Strongyloides ransomi

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53
Q

Eggs of Strongyloides ransomi

A

larvated eggs

45um to 55um by 26um to 35um

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54
Q

How eggs of Strongyloides ransomi recovered?

A

fecal flotation of fresh feces

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55
Q

Prepatent period of Strongyloides ransomi?

A

3 to 7 days

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56
Q

Metastrongyloides?

A

Lungworms

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57
Q

What is the “hair lungworm”?

A

Muellerius capillaris

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58
Q

Where are adult Muellerius capillaris found?

A

In bronchioles (nodules in lung parenchyma) of sheep and goats

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59
Q

Where do eggs develop and how are larvae shed?

A

Eggs develop in lungs of definitive host

Larvae are coughed up, swallowed, and passed out in feces?

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60
Q

Muellerius capillaris larvae?

A

230um to 300um long

Tail has an undulating tim and dorsal spine

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61
Q

What are the Protostrongylus species?

A

Lungworms of sheep and goats

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62
Q

Where are Protostrongylus found?

A

small bronchioles of sheep and goats

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63
Q

Eggs and larvae of Protostrongylus?

A

Develop in lungs of sheep and goats

Larvae coughed up, swallowed, and passed out in feces.

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64
Q

What do Protostrongylus larvae look like?

A

250um to 320um
undulating tip
no dorsal spine

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65
Q

Diagnosis of lungworm in ruminants?

A

Baermann technique

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66
Q

What is the swine lungworm?

A

Metastrongylus apri

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67
Q

Where are Metastrongylus apri found?

A

bronchi and bronchioles of swine

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68
Q

Eggs of Metastrongylus apri?

A

oval
thick walled
60um by 40um
contain larvae

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69
Q

Recovery of Metastrongylus apri eggs?

A

fecal flotation using flotation medium with specific gravity of more than 1.25 or
fecal sedimentation technique

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70
Q

Prepatent period of Metastrongylus apri?

A

24 days

71
Q

What are the 3 lungworms of canines?

A

Filaroides (Oslerus) osleri
Filaroides hirthi
Filaroides milksi

72
Q

Where are canine lungworms found?

A

trachea
lung
parenchyma
bronchioles

73
Q

Larvae of Filaroides?

A

232um to 266um long

short S-shaped tail

74
Q

How are Filaroides species unique among nematodes?

A

Their first stage larvae are immediately infective for the canine definitive host.
No period of development is required outside the host.

75
Q

Diagnosis of Filaroides?

A

fecal flotation or

Baermann technique

76
Q

Nodules of Filaroides osleri found?

A

at the bifurcation of the trachea where they can be observed by endoscopic examination.

77
Q

Prepatent period of Filaroides osleri?

A

10 weeks

78
Q

What is the lungworm of feline?

A

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

79
Q

Where are Aelurostrongylus abstrusus found?

A

in the terminal respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts where they form small egg nests or nodules.

80
Q

Eggs of Aelurostrongylus?

A

Eggs forced into lung tissue where they hatch

81
Q

Larvae of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

A

360um long
tail with S-shaped bend
dorsal spine

82
Q

Diagnosis of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

A

larvae found with:
fecal flotation
Baermann technique

tracheal washing

83
Q

Prepatent period of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

A

30 days

84
Q

Trichuroidea (Trichuris spp., Eucoleus spp., and Trichinella sprialis)?

A

whipworms

85
Q

Canine whipworm?

A

Trichuris vulpis

86
Q

2 feline whipworms?

A

Trichuris campanula

Trichuris serrata

87
Q

Where do Trichuris spp. live?

A

cecum and colon of hosts

88
Q

Which are more common? Canine or Feline whipworms?

A

Canine

89
Q

What do whipworms look like?

A

thin, filamentous cranial end (lash of the whip)

thick caudal end (handle of the whip)

90
Q

Egg of whipworm?

A 
trichinelloid or trichuroid
thick shell
yellow-brown
symmetric
polar plugs at both ends
unembryonated (not larvated) when laid
91
Q

Eggs of Trichuris vulpis?

A

70um to 89um by 37um to 40um

92
Q

Prepatent period of Trichuris vulpis?

A

70 to 90 days

93
Q

Eggs of Trichuris campanula?

A

63um to 85um by 34um to 39um

94
Q

What should vet tech’s be aware of when examining feline feces for Trichurids?

A

pseudoparasites
the eggs of trichurids or capillarids frequently parasitize an outdoor cat’s prey via hosts such as mice, rabbits, or birds. The eggs of these trichurids or capillarids may pass unaltered through the cat’s GI system, remaining intact and unembryonated, thus appearing to infect feline host.

95
Q

Ruminant whipworm?

A

Trichuris ovis

96
Q

Trichuris ovis located?

A

cecum and colon of ruminants

97
Q

Eggs of bovine whipworms?

A

50um to 60um by 21um to 25um

98
Q

Swine whipworm?

A

Trichuris suis

99
Q

Trichuris suis eggs?

A

50um to 60um by 21um to 25um

100
Q

Prepatent period of Trichuris suis?

A

42 to 49 days

101
Q

What is the gastric capillarid of cats?

A

Aonchotheca putorii

102
Q

Former name of Aonchotheca putorii?

A

Capillaria putorii

103
Q

Eggs of Aonchotheca putorii?

A

easily confused with eggs of other trichinelloid nematodes
53um to 70um by 20um to 30um
netlike surface (similar to Eucoleus aerophilus, an upper respiratory capillarid)
dense
organized in longitudinal formation
flattened sides
contain a one or two cell embryo that fills the egg

104
Q

Capillarid nematode found in trachea and bronchi of both dogs and cats?

A

Eucoleus aerophilus (Capillaria aerophila)

105
Q

Prepatent period of Eucoleus aerophilus?

A

40 days

106
Q

Eggs of Eucoleus aerophilus?

A

in standard fecal flotation, eggs are often confused with Trichuris (whipworm) eggs.
eggs are smaller than whipworm eggs (59-80um by 30-40um)
more broadly barrel shaped
lighter in color
has rough outer surface with netted appearance

107
Q

Capillarid nematode found in nasal cavity and frontal sinuses of dogs.

A

Eucoleus boehmi

108
Q

Eggs of Eucoleus boehmi?

A

smaller and have smoother outer surface than Eucoleus aerophilus eggs.
shell has pitted appearance

109
Q

Diagnosis of Eucoleus boehmi?

A

standard fecal flotation

110
Q

Nematode of urinary bladder of dogs?

A

Pearsonema (Capillaria) plica

111
Q

Nematode of urinary bladder of cats?

A

Pearsonema (Capillaria) feliscati

112
Q

Eggs of Pearsonema?

A

found in urine or feces contaminated with urine
clear to yellow in color
63um to 68um by 24um to 27um
flattened bipolar end plugs
roughened outer surface
may be confused with respiratory and gastric capillarids or with whipworm eggs

113
Q

Nematode associated with raw or undercooked pork?

A

Trichinella spiralis

114
Q

How do animals become infected with Trichinella spiralis?

A

they ingest infective larval stages (juveniles) in meat.

115
Q

Life cycle of Trichinella spiralis?

A

larvae mature into adults in host’s small intestine within a few weeks
female worms give birth to larvae
males die after fertilizing the females
females die after producing larvae
larvae enter bloodstream of host and end up in pig’s musculature
within the muscles the larvae mature into infective encysted larvae
next host becomes infected when it eats the larvae

116
Q

What is the pinworm family?

A

Oxyuridea

117
Q

What is the pinworm of horses?

A

Oxyuris equi

118
Q

Where are adult Oxyuris equi found?

A

cecum
colon
rectum
often seen observed protruding from horse’s anus with a sticky gelatinous material that produces anal puritus

119
Q

Eggs recovered from Oxyuris equi?

A

feces

120
Q

Oxyuris equi eggs?

A

90um by 40um
smooth, thick shell
operculated and slightly flattened on one side
may be larvated

121
Q

Prepatent period of Oxyuris equi?

A

4 to 5 months

122
Q

Diagnosis of Oxyuris equi?

A

finding characteristic eggs using microscopic examination of cellophane tape impressions or
scraping the surface of the anus

123
Q

What is the human pinworm?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

124
Q

Does Enterobius vermicularis parasitize dogs or cats?

A

No

125
Q

What rule about pinworms should vet techs remember?

A 
pinworms are parasites of omnivores (mice, rats, monkeys, humans) and herbivores (rabbits, horses)
never carnivores (dogs, cats)
126
Q

2 Nematodes found in stomach of horses?

A

Habronema species

Draschia megastoma

127
Q

What 2 Habronema species are found on the stomach mucosa, just beneath a thick layer of mucus?

A

Habronema microstoma

Habronema muscae

128
Q

Which Habronema species is associated with thickened, fibrous nodules within the stomach mucosa?

A

Draschia megastoma

129
Q

What are “summer sores?”

A

Larvae of Habronema and Draschia that have parasitized skin lesions.

130
Q

Prepatent period of Habronema and Draschia?

A

60 days

131
Q

Recovery of larvated eggs or larvae in Spiruroidea (Habronema and Draschia)?

A

standard fecal floatation

132
Q

Eggs of Habronema and Draschia?

A

elongated
thin walls
40um to 50um by 10um to 12um

133
Q

What is the eyeworm of dogs and cats?

A

Thelazia californiesis

134
Q

Recovery of adult Thelazia californiensis?

A

from conjunctival sac and lachrymal duct

135
Q

What might lacrymal secretions reveal in parasitized dog or cat?

A

Thelazia californiensis eggs or first stage larvae

136
Q

Eyeworm of horses?

A

Thelazia lacrymalis

137
Q

Esophageal worm of dogs and cats?

A

Spirocerca lupi

138
Q

Life cycle of Spirocerca lupi?

A

Adult worm forms nodules (granulomas) in esophageal wall.
Adult worms reside deep in these nodules
Expel eggs through fistulous openings in the granuloma
Eggs passed into lumen of host animal’s esophagus and passed out in feces

139
Q

Eggs of Spirocerca lupi?

A

thick shelled
30um to 38um by 11um to 15um
contain larvae when laid
unique paperclip shape

140
Q

Diagnosis of Spirocerca lupi?

A

standard fecal floatation
vomitus subjected to standard fecal floatation procedure
radiographic or endoscopic examination may reveal characteristic granulomas within esophagus or within stomach

141
Q

Prepatent period of Spirocerca lupi?

A

6 months

142
Q

What nematode species are stomach worms of dogs and cats?

A

Physaloptera species

143
Q

Where are adult Physaloptera species normally found?

A

firmly attached to mucosal surface of stomach sucking blood

144
Q

Diet of Physaloptera species?

A

blood

tissue derived from host’s gastric mucosa

145
Q

Clinical signs observed in Physaloptera parasatizim?

A

vomiting
anorexia
dark, tarry stools

146
Q

Adult Physaloptera looks?

A

creamy white
sometimes tightly coiled
1.3 cm to 4.8 cm long

147
Q

How are adult Physaloptera often recovered?

A

vomit

148
Q

Which nematodes are Physaloptera sometimes confused with?

A

ascarids

roundworms

149
Q

How to differentiate between Physaloptera and ascarids/roundworms?

A

break open an adult specimen and if that specimen happens to be female examine the released eggs microscopically.

150
Q

Eggs of Physaloptera?

A 
small
smooth
thick shelled
 embryonated when passed in feces
30um to 34um by 49um to 58um
contain a larva when laid
151
Q

Recovery of Physaloptera eggs?

A

standard fecal floatation using solution with a specific gravity of more than 1.25

152
Q

Prepatent period of Physaloptera?

A

56 to 83 days

153
Q

What is the nematode kidney worm family?

A

Dioctophymoidea

154
Q

What is the “giant kidney worm” of dogs?

A

Dioctophyma renale

155
Q

Infection of Dioctophyma renale?

A

infects right kidney of dogs

gradually ingests renal parenchyma leaving only capsule of kidney

156
Q

Recovery of Dioctophyma renale eggs?

A

centrifugation and examination of urine sediment

157
Q

Dioctophyma renale eggs?

A 
barrel shaped
bipolar
yellow brown
shell has pitted appearance
71um to 84um by 46um to 52um
158
Q

Prepatent period of Dioctophyma renale?

A

18 weeks

159
Q

What is the swine kidney worm?

A

Stephanurus dentatus

160
Q

Where is Stephanurus dentatus found?

A

kidneys
ureters
perirenal tissues of pigs

161
Q

Stephanurus dentatus eggs?

A

strongyle type (i.e., oval and thin shelled)
contain 4 to 16 cells
90um to 120um by 43um to 70um

162
Q

Recovery of Stephanurus dentatus eggs?

A

from urine by urine sedimentation

163
Q

Prepatent period of Stephanurus dentatus?

A

9 to 24 months

164
Q

What is the nematode family of heartworms?

A

Filaroidea

165
Q

What is the name of the canine heartworm?

A

Dirofilaria immitis

166
Q

Other animals that Dirofilaria immitis parasitizes?

A

cats

ferrets

167
Q

Where can Dirofilaria immitis be found?

A

right ventricle
pulmonary artery
fine branches of pulmonary artery

168
Q

Prepatent period of Dirofilaria immitis?

A

6 months

169
Q

Life cycle of Dirofilaria immitis?

A

requires intermediate host to be transmitted from animal to animal
female adults mate in right ventricle and pulmonary artery where they can cause obstruction
male and female adults mate
females produce microfilariae
microfilariae released into host’s bloodstream where they are ingested by feeding mosquitoes
microfilariae grow and molt in mosquito until they reach infective stage
once infective they enter new host next time the mosquito feeds
once in new host, larvae migrate and molt through various body tissues on way to heart

170
Q

Diagnosis of Dirofilaria immitis?

A

observation of microfilariae in blood samples with one of several concentration techniques (Modified Knott’s Test)
commercially available immunodiagnostic tests

171
Q

Filariid often confused with Dirofilaria immits?

A

Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalonema) reconditum

172
Q

Unsheathed microfilariae of horses?

A

Onchocerca cervicalis

173
Q

Clinical signs of Onchocerca cervicalis?

A

recurrent dermatitis
periodic ophthalmia
blindness

174
Q

Intermediate hosts of Onchocerca cervicalis?

A

Biting flies of genus Culicoides

Veterinary Technology (3 decks)

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