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Parasitology > Nematodes > Flashcards

Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Nine things to know

A 
Scientific/common name
Hosts
Diagnosis
Identification
Site of infestation
Life cycle- with PPP  variations
Treatment and prevention
Clinical Sings, pathogenesis, lesions
Zoonotic
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2
Q

Why do veterinarians need to know parasites?

A 
To:
Prevent disease
Minimize impact on production
Maintain food security
Prevent zoonosis
Answer the 6 common questions asked by clients
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3
Q

6 questions asked by clients

A
  1. What is it?
  2. How can you tell they have it?
  3. Where did it come from? How did my animal become infected?
  4. What harm does it cause?
  5. How can it be gotten rid of?
  6. Will it infect people?
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4
Q

Definitive Host

A

Host in which the parasite can fully mature and begin reproducing
Direct Life Cycle

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5
Q

Final Host

A

Host in which the parasite can fully mature and begin reproducing
Indirect Life Cycle

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6
Q

Intermediate Host

A

Host in which a parasite matures to a specific lifestage

Parasite will never mature here, no eggs in feces

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7
Q

Aberrent host

A

“accidental host” able to infect animal that is not direct host
Different signs than FH- usually more severe damage

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8
Q

Paratenic host

A

host that is able to harbor the parasite, however no maturation or reproduction is occurring; parasite just hangs out here

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9
Q

Prepatent period

A

period of time between initial infection of parasite to full/sexual maturity

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10
Q

Periparturient rise

A

Increase in parasite reproduction around parturition, due to suppressed immune system of the mother; parasite takes advantage of conditions

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11
Q

Predilection site

A

location the parasite prefers to occupy

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12
Q

Aberrant site

A

abnormal location for parasite to occupy

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13
Q

Nematodes General

A

Roundworms: long, white, round, elongated, typically unsegmented
Complete alimentary canal
Separate sexes; male have bursa in some species
Life cycle: Egg-L1-L2-L3-L4-L5-adult
most are direct life cycle some have indirect

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14
Q

SSH

A

Site of infection- organ, GI tract, blood, sputum, feces, muscle
Size- microscopic, macroscopic, big, average, small, tiny
Morphological characteristics
Clinical signs

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15
Q

nematode identification

A

Necropsy: adults, larvae (L4, immature adult-L5, and

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16
Q

Morphological characteristics eggs and L1

A 
Size
shape- round, oval
Shell- thick, thin, smooth, rough
with or without larva
bipolar plugs
operculum 
L1-tails
17
Q

Direct life cycle

A

Eggs passed in faeces
L1 develops, eggs embryonate in 5 days +
First stages larvae in feces
second stage in feces
Third stage (infective) larvae migrate onto grass in approximately 3 weeks
ingested L3 develop through l4 and l5 to adult egg laying worms

One host to complete the life cycle
Definitive host

18
Q

Indirect life cycle

A

Larvae mature into adults in heart
Female adult worms release microfilariae in blood
Mosquito ingests microfilariae with blood meal
Microfilariae develop in mosquito to infective larvae
Mosquito bites dog or cat and transmits infective larvae

Two or more hosts to complete a life cycle
Final host (sexual reproduction) and intermediate hosts (immature stage)
19
Q

Order Strongylida

A

Ancylostomatoidea, strongyloidea, and trichostrongyloidea
Life cycle: direct, infection by L3
Males have bursa
Arrested development ( usually L3 or L4- parasite specific)- stop development due to immune system of host or changing environmental conditions
Eggs: thin shelled, oval, average size, can float
Metastrongyloidea: exception

20
Q

Flotation

A

using the weight of eggs and the weight of a solution to force eggs to the top of the solution

21
Q

Simple flotation

A

Eggs float over time

22
Q

Centrifugation

A

G-force used to float eggs faster and in media that is thick

23
Q

McMaster

A

Simple float method designed to count the eggs per gram of feces

24
Q

Ancylostomatoidea

A 
Bent dorsally; fishing hook
Adults: small; 1-2cm; buccal capsule modifications (teeth, cutting plates)
Egg: oval, thin shelled, average size
Adults: small intestine
Larvae: some limited migration in lungs
AnemiaL feed on blood; ulcers
Young animals most sever signs
Limited immunity
Attach to intestinal villi with large mouth (buccal) cavity
Hemorrhaging
Anemia
25
Q

Ancylostoma Caninum

A

Hookworm
Final host: dogs and foxes
Paratenic host: things that dogs hunt
Zoonotic

Adult: small; characteristic hook appearance
Eggs: oval, thin shelled; 60x40 um (medium sized)

Life cycle: direct
Southern Hookworm
Throughout US

26
Q

Ancylostoma Caninum Modes of infection:

A

Modes of infection: percutaneous; penetration of oral mucosa; per os; paratenic hosts; transplacental and transmammary (IMPORTANT)
Arrested development L3
Lung migration

27
Q

Ancylostoma Caninum SItes of infection

A

Adults: small intestine
Larvae: some migrate lungs

28
Q

Ancylostoma Caninum Pathogenesis and lesion

A

Peracute, acute or chronic hemorrhagic anemia
Pups infected by transmammary route challenged; 1st week okay, 2nd week deteriorate with less than 100 worms
Moist eczema with percutaneous infection

29
Q

Ancylostoma Caninum Clinical signs

A

Peracute: immature worms causing hemorrhaging
Acute infections: anemis and lassitude; respiratory disease, pneumonia; diarrhea (blood and mucus)
Chronic infections: weight loss, poor hair coat etc

30
Q

Ancylostoma Caninum Diagnosis

A

Clinical signs
History with hematological and fecal examinations
A few hookworm eggs confirms infection only, not hookworm disease
L4/early mature also feed on blood
Typical egg 60x40 um fecal float
in less than 14 day old puppies only clinical signs

31
Q

Ancylostoma Caninum Treatment and prevention

A

Anthelmintics
-adult and larvae
-species specific
Larval leakage
Young pups: iron; blood transfusion and treat asap
Nutrition
Treat pups and adults
Treat pregnant dogs at least once during pregancy
-frequency and timing dependent on the drug used
-treatment through day 14 of lactation
Capcvet: treat at 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks of age
Other: treat nursing litters twice at 1-2 weeks and again 2 weeks later

32
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme

A 
Similar to a. caninum except:
Host is cats
Life cycle
-per os, percutaneous, paratenic hosts, NO TM or TP
Zoonotic
Throughout US
33
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense

A 
Similar to a caninum except: 
Host dogs and cats
Life cycle
-per os, percutaneous, paratenic hosts
Pathogenesis: less of a bloodsucker so less pathogenic
MOST ZOONOTIC: cutaneous larva migrans
Gulf coats area
34
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala

A 
Northern us- Northern hookworm
Hookworm 
Hosts
-final= dogs, cats, foxes
-paratenic hosts
Life cycle
-per os usual route
-percutaneous uncommon
-no TP, no TM

Eggs: oval, thin shelled, 80x40 um (medium)
Uncinaria and ancylostoma eggs difficult to distinguish
Less zoonotic
less voracious bloodsucker
Interdigital dermatitis in animals previously infected

35
Q

Brunostomum

A 
Ruminants
Percutaneous, oral, no TP, TM
Bottle jaw
diarrhea
Cool climates

Parasitology (4 decks)

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