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Nematodes_Parasit > Nematodes > Flashcards

Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

what do you call adult female parasite that doesn’t require male parasite to reproduce?

A

Parthenogenic

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2
Q

what do you call parasites that have male and female reproductive organs?

A

Dioecious

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3
Q

most common intestinal nematode in man in Philippines

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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4
Q

Common name of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Giant intestinal roundworm / eelworm

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4
Q

It is the largest nematode

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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5
Q

it harbors the sexual or the adult stage of parasite

A

definitive / Final Host

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6
Q

it harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite

A

Intermediate Host

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7
Q

Final Host of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Man

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8
Q

Habitat of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Small intestine

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9
Q

Diagnostic stage of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Ova and adult

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10
Q

It is the stage that aids the laboratorian to identify the specie of the parasite

A

Diagnostic stage

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11
Q

It is the stage in the cycle that could infect the host

A

Infective stage

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12
Q

Infective stage of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Ova (embryonated egg)

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13
Q

mode of transmission of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Ingestion

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14
Q

These parasites are common to infect child simultaneously. They are also called the “HOLY TRINITY”

A

“HAT”
Hookworm
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura

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15
Q

It is the disease that is caused by the larval migration to the lungs

A

Ascaris pneumonitis

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16
Q

Other term for Ascaris pneumonitis

A

Loeffler’s pneumonia

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17
Q

Disease with elevated eosinophils and Charcot Leyden crystals

A

Ascaris pneomonitis

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18
Q

The Ascaris of Dogs

A

Toxocara canis

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19
Q

Ascaris of Cat

A

Toxocara cati

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20
Q

Ascaris of pig

A

Ascaris suum

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21
Q

It is the eosinophil degredation product

A

Charcot Leyden Crystals

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22
Q

what are Visceral Larva Migrans

A

Toxocara canis
Toxocara cati
Ascaris suum

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23
Q

It is the term used for group of adult worm

A

Worm bolus

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24
Q

erratic epigastric pain, Diarrhea, Malnutrition are caused by what stage of Ascaris lumbricoides?

Choices:
Ova
Larva
Adult

A

Adult

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25
Q

Morphology of Adult Ascaris lumbricoides

A

creamy white with pink tint
Anterior head: trilobate lips

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26
Q

Term used for having three lips

A

Trilobate lips

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27
Q

3 layers of ova

A
  1. outermost mammillation / albuminoid layer
  2. middle glycogen layer
  3. Inner vitelline membrane / lipoidal / lecithin layer
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28
Q

no inner vitelline layer with lecithin granules

A

Unfertilized Ova

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29
Q

All layers of ova are present

A

Fertilized corticated ova

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30
Q

No outermost mammillation layer

A

Fertilized decorticated ova

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31
Q

with embryo inside or presence of larva

A

Embryonated

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32
Q

What are the parasites found in small intestine?

A

“CASH”

C. philippinensis
A. lumbricoides
S. stercolaris
Hookworms

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33
Q

What are the parasites found in large intestine?

A

E. vermicularis
T. trichiura

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34
Q

2 common human hookworm pathogen

A

N. americanus
A. duodenale

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35
Q

what are the parasites that are able to migrate from intestines to lungs causing pneumonitis?

A

Larval stages of the ff. parasites

A. lumbricoides
S. stercoralis
Hookworms

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36
Q

elongated, cylindrical anf unsegmented

A

Adult worm of Nematodes

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37
Q

elongated but segmented

A

Adult worm of Cestodes

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38
Q

Common name is whipworm

A

Trichuris trichiura

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39
Q

Final host of Trichuris trichiura

A

Man

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40
Q

Habitat of Trichuris trichiura

A

large intestine

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41
Q

Diganostic stage of Trichuris trichiura

A

Ova

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42
Q

Infective stage Trichuris trichiura

A

fully embryonated egg

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43
Q

MOD of Trichuris trichiura

A

Ingestion

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44
Q

Pathology of Trichuris trichiura

A

Bloody Diarrhea
Epigastric pain
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Rectal prolapse
Hypoalbuminemia

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45
Q

Microscopic, Hypochromic anemia

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia

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46
Q

It is an edema due to elevated number of adult Trichuris trichiura

A

Rectal prolapse

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47
Q

Morphology of Trichuris trichiura that is for pin-fashion attachments

A

Anterior 3/5 is attenuated (from manipis to malaki)

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48
Q

sex of Trichuris trichiura that has curved posterior fleshy portion

A

male

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49
Q

sex of Trichuris trichiura that has pointed posterior fleshy portion

A

female

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50
Q

Morphology of Trichuris trichiura ova

A

it has prominent mucoid bipolar plugs
yellowish brown in color due to bile

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51
Q

What are the shapes of Trichuris trichiura ova?

A

football
Barrel
Lemon
Japanese lantern

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52
Q

It is a parasite that is termed as “close relative of Trichuris trichiura

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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53
Q

Who discovered Capillaria philippinensis?

A

Nelia Salazar

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54
Q

Where did Nelia Salazar found Capillaria philippinensis?

A

Pudor, Ilocos Sur

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55
Q

Common name of Capillaria philippinensis

A

Pudoc worm

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56
Q

final host of Capillaria philippinensis

A

other vertebrae or man

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57
Q

habitat of Capillaria philippinensis

A

small intestine

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58
Q

Diagnostic stage of Capillaria philippinensis

A

larva or ova found in STOOL

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59
Q

Infective stage of Capillaria philippinensis

A

larva or ova found in FISHES

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60
Q

MOT of Capillaria philippinensis

A

Ingestion of raw or uncooked fish with infected larva

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61
Q

also known as Mystery Disease

A

Pudoc Disease

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62
Q

gurgling sound of the stomach (Hallmark of Capillariasis)

A

Borborygmus

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63
Q

Pathology of Capillaria philippinensis

A

Mystery Disease
Borborygmus
severe diarrhea
abdominal pain

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64
Q

Morphology of Adult Capillaria philippinensis

A

Delicate worms
Male: with chitinized spicule
Female: usually with eggs in the uterus

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65
Q

Morphology of Capillaria philippinensis ova

A

with flattened mucoid bipolar plugs
with striated shells

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66
Q

What are the shapes of Capillaria philippinensis ova

A

guitar
peanut-shaped

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67
Q

What are the natural host of Capillaria philippinensis

A

Migrating birds (herons, egrets, bitterns)

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68
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of Capillaria philippinensis

A

Fresh water fishes / brackish water fishes

Glass fishes
Bagtu, bagsang, birot, ipon (Hypseleotris bipartita)

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69
Q

what is the term used for hermaphrodyte that has both female and male reproductive organ?

A

Monoecious

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70
Q

Nematodes are also known as

A

Round worms

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71
Q

common nematode in ma (US)

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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72
Q

Other names of Enterobius vermicularis

A

Oxyuris vermicularis
Pinworms
seatworms
Society worm
TIWA (Philippines)

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73
Q

The only host of Enterobius vermicularis

A

Man

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74
Q

Habitat of Enterobius vermicularis

A

Large intestine

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75
Q

Diagnostic stage of Enterobius vermicularis

A

Ova, adult

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76
Q

Infective stage

A

Ova

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77
Q

MOT of Enterobius vermicularis

A
  • Ingestion (most common)
  • Inhalation
  • Retroinfection - nealy hatched larva migrates back into the host
  • Autoinfection - hand-to-mouth transmission (adult female are nocturnals. They migrates to the anal area and lay eggs causing pruritis ani
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78
Q

Pathology of Enterobius vermicularis

A
  • Nocturnal pruritis ani
  • Insomia
  • Irritation
  • Loss of appetite
  • Extraintestinal enterobiasis (migration of parasite from anus to vagina, uterus, or fallopian tube)
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79
Q

Morphology of adult Enterobius vermicularis

A

with cephalic alae (lateral way)

Male: curved posterior end; has flask-shaped or bulb-like esophagus

Female: pointed posterior end; often has gravid uterus filled with eggs

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80
Q

Morphology of Enterobius vermicularis ova

A

oval shaped, flattened on the side
with double-layered shell

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81
Q

What are the shapes of Enterobius vermicularis ova

A

loopsided ovum
“D” shaped ovum

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82
Q

Nematodes’ life cycle

A
  • egg
  • larva
  • adult
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83
Q

3 larval stages

A

L1 - rhabditiform larva
L2 - rhabditiform larva
L3 - filariform larva

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84
Q

Reproductive organ of parasite is called?

A

Spicule

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85
Q

Which one is larger? male or female

A

female

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86
Q

Which one is smaller? male or female

A

male

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87
Q

It lays immature or unebryonated eggs

A

oviparous

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88
Q

It lays mature or embryonated eggs

A

oviviparous or ovoviviparous

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89
Q

don’t lay eggs but lay larva

A

viviparous or larviparous

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90
Q

Stool examination

A
  1. Direct Fecal Smear
  2. Kato-thick
  3. Kato-Katz
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91
Q

uses 2 mg of stool + 1 drop of 0.85% NaCl (NSS)

A

Direct fecal Smear

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92
Q

Routine method of stool examination

A

Direct fecal Smear

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93
Q

What are the stains used for direct fecal smear?

A
  • lugol’s Iodine
  • Nair’s Buffered methylene Blue (BMB)
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94
Q

What is the stain that can’t recover trophozoides of amoeba as they are labile

A

lugol’s iodine

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95
Q

Direct fecal smear is examined under what microscope objective?

A

LPO and HPO

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96
Q

What are the reasons why you may get negative result for direct fecal smear?

A
  1. No infection
  2. early infection
  3. all male infection
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97
Q

Uses 50-60 mg of stool covered with cellophane

A

Kato-thick

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98
Q

In kato-thick method, it is soaked in the mixture of Glycerin and malachite green solution

A

Cellophane

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99
Q

Clearing agent used in kato-thick

A

Glycerin

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100
Q

It gives a pale green color in kato-thick

A

malachite green

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101
Q

Substitute for malachite green in kato-thick

A

green cellophane soaked in glycerin

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102
Q

Other term for kato-katz

A

Cellophane-covered thick smear

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103
Q

Recommended method fro egg counting procedure

A

Kato-katz

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104
Q

kato-katz uses what other materials aside from glycerin and malachite green?

A

template and wire mesh

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105
Q

Concentration Techniques

A
  1. sedimentation technique
  2. floatation technique
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106
Q

what are the general principles of concentration techniques

A

specific gravity and centrifugation

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107
Q

this is the technique where specific gravity of parasite is higher than the reagent

A

sedimentation technique

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108
Q

2 methods under sedimentation technique

A
  1. formalin-ether concentration technique
  2. acid ether concentration technique
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109
Q

It is the method of choice if specimen is from animal source

A

acid-ether concentration technique

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110
Q

acid-ether concentration technique is recommended for the recovery of what?

A

Trichuris trichiura ova, Capillaria philippinensis ova, and Schistosoma ova

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111
Q

It is a technique used if the specific gravity of the parasite is lower than the reagent

A

floatation technique

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112
Q

a floatation technique that uses 33% zinc sulfate

A

Zinc sulfate concentration technique

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113
Q

when the specific gravity of stool is 1.18 means what?

A

It is fresh stool

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114
Q

when the specific gravity of stool is 1.20 means what?

A

It is fixed stool

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115
Q

recommended method for concentration of oocysts

A

Sheather’s floatation

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116
Q

not suitable for recovery of operculated ova, hookworm ova (shrink), Schistosoma ova

A

Brine’s floatation

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117
Q

uses salt solution and no centrifugation required

A

Brine’s floatation

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118
Q

recommended method for recovery of enterobius vermicularis

A

Cellulose tape / scotch tape method

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119
Q

Time of collection for Cellulose tape / scotch tape method

A

Night or early morning

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120
Q

2nd most common helminth to infect man

A

Hookworms

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121
Q

Common name of Necator americanus

A

New World Hookworm
American Hookworm
American Murderer

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122
Q

Final Host of Necator americanus

A

man

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123
Q

Habitat of Necator americanus

A

Small intestine

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124
Q

Diagnostic stage of Necator americanus

A

Rhabditiform larva or ova (L1 and L2)

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125
Q

Infective stage of Necator americanus

A

3rd stage larva (filariform)

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126
Q

MOT of Necator americanus

A

skin penetration of infective larva

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127
Q

Pathology due to Necator americanus LARVA or ADULT?

Allergic reaction (dermatitis) such as ground itch, dew itch, colic itch, water sore, mazza mora

A

Larva

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128
Q

Pathology due to Necator americanus LARVA or ADULT?

Pneumonitis

A

Larva

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129
Q

Pathology due to Necator americanus LARVA or ADULT?

Cutaneous Larva Migrans

A

Larva

130
Q

Other name of pneumonitis

A

Wakana Disease

131
Q

Other name for Cutaneous Larva Migrans

A

Creepy eruptions

132
Q

It is caused by larva of animal hookworms

A

Cutaneous Larva Migrans

133
Q

Pathology due to Necator americanus LARVA or ADULT?

Epigastric discomfort

A

Adult

134
Q

Pathology due to Necator americanus LARVA or ADULT?

Malnutrition

A

Adult

135
Q

Pathology due to Necator americanus LARVA or ADULT?

Edema

A

Adult

136
Q

Pathology due to Necator americanus LARVA or ADULT?

Iron Deficiency Anemia together with T. trichiura

A

Adult

137
Q

True or False

Adult hookworms compete with host for nutrients

A

True

138
Q

Shape of Necator americanus adult

A

S-shaped

139
Q

Buccal cavity of Necator americanus adult

A

Semilunar cutting plates

140
Q

Copulatory Bursa of Necator americanus adult

A

Bipartite (2 digits) Barbed / Bristle like

141
Q

what are 2 animal hookworms?

A
  1. Ancylostoma caninum
  2. Ancylostoma braziliense
142
Q

What is cat hookworm?

A

Ancylostoma braziliense

143
Q

animal hookworm with 2 pairs of teeth

A

Ancylostoma braziliense

144
Q

what is dog hookworm?

A

Ancylostoma caninum

145
Q

animal hookworm with 3 pairs of teeth

A

Ancylostoma caninum

146
Q

Morphology of Necator americanus ova

A

ovoidal, thin-shelled and colorless

147
Q

Morphology of Necator americanus larva

Rhabditiform:
Buccal Cavity: ________
Genital Primordium: ________

Filariform:
Sheath:________
Tail: _______

A

Rhabditiform:
Buccal Cavity: Long buccal Cavity
Genital Primordium: Short/small genital primordium

Filariform:
Sheath: sheathed
Tail: Pointed tail

148
Q

Feeding stage (open mouth)

A

Rhabditiform

149
Q

non feeding stage (close mouth)

A

Filariform

150
Q

Emerging hookworm specie can be found in human

A

ancylostoma ceylanicum

151
Q

Other name of Ancylostoma duodenale

A

Old World Hookworm

152
Q

Final Host of Ancylostoma duodenale

A

man

153
Q

diagnostic stage of Ancylostoma duodenale

A

Rhabditiform larva / ova

154
Q

Habitat of Ancylostoma duodenale

A

small intestine

155
Q

Infective stage of Ancylostoma duodenale

A

3rd satge larva (filariform)

156
Q

MOT of Ancylostoma duodenale

A

Skin penetration of infective larva

157
Q

Shape of Ancylostoma duodenale adult

A

C-shaped

158
Q

Buccal cavity of Ancylostoma duodenale adult

A

2 pairs of teeth

159
Q

Copulatory Bursa of Ancylostoma duodenale adult

A

tripartate (3 digits)
Simple and not barbed

160
Q

Parasite that are able to grow with or without host

A

Facultative parasite

161
Q

Common name of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

thread worm

162
Q

Final host of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

man

163
Q

Habitat of Free living stage of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

soil (indirect or heterogenic form)

164
Q

Habitat of parasitic stage Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Small intestine (direct/homogenic form)

165
Q

Diagnostic stage of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

rhabditiform larva

166
Q

Infective stage of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

3rd stage larva (filariform)

167
Q

MOT of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Skin penetration of infective larva
Autoinfection
Hyperinfection

168
Q

Pathology of Strongyloides stercoralis larva

A

Allergic reaction
Pneumonitis

169
Q

Pneumonitis presents what pneumonia?

A

Loeffler’s pneumonia

170
Q

Pathology of Strongyloides stercoralis adult

A

Cochin-china diarrhea

171
Q

Other term used for Cochin-china diarrhea

A

Vietnamese Diarrhea

172
Q

It is some kind of intermittent diarrhea

A

Cochin-china diarrhea

173
Q

what does intestinal mucosa appear-like when you have cochin-china diarrhea?

A

Honeycomb appearance

174
Q

First report among french soldiers with diarrhea returning from indo-china region (cochin-china vietnam)

A

Cochin-china diarrhea

175
Q

Morphilogy of Strongyloides stercoralis adult

A

considered parthenogenic as it does not need male to fertilize ovum

with long esophagus and notched tail

176
Q

Morphology of Strongyloides stercoralis ovum

A

clear, thin-shelled

have chinese lanterne appearance

indistinguishable with hookworm ova

177
Q

Morphology of Strongyloides stercoralis larva

Rhabditiform:
Buccal Cavity: ________
Genital Primordium: ________

Filariform:
Sheath:________
Tail: _______

A

Rhabditiform:
Buccal Cavity: short buccal Cavity
Genital Primordium: prominent genital primordium

Filariform:
Sheath: unsheathed
Tail: notched tail

178
Q

It requires host to complete life cycle

A

Obligate parasite

179
Q

Harada-mori stool culture technique is also known as

A

test tube culture technique

180
Q

It is for recovery of nematode larva

A

Harada-mori stool culture technique

181
Q

stool sample is smeared in a filter paper strip and then palced in a conical/test tube with small amount of distilled water. The test tube is then allowed to stand at room temperature for up to 10 days

48-72 hours: _______
up to 7 days: _______

A

48-72 hours: Rhabditiform larva
up to 7 days: Filariform larva

182
Q

duodenal aspiration technique used for Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Beale’s string test

183
Q

May also be used to recover S. strongyloides ova and larva in duodenal aspirates

A

Beale’s string test

184
Q

Other parasites recovered in Beale’s string test

A

S. strongyloides ova and larva
G. lamblia trophozoite
Cryptosporidium spp. / Cryptosporidium parvum
Isospora belli / Cystoisoporabelli
Fasciola hepatica ova
Clonorchis sinensis ova

185
Q

roundworms that do not usually inhabit the intestine

A

Extraintestinal nematodes

186
Q

Habitat of filarial worms

A

Lymphatics
Subcutaneous
Body cavity

187
Q

Final host of Filarial worms

A

Man

188
Q

Intermediate host of Filarial worms

A

Arthropod vectors

189
Q

Diagnostic stage of Filarial worms

A

Microfilaria

190
Q

larval stage of filarial worms

A

Microfilaria

191
Q

Infective Stage of Filarial worms (intemediate)

A

Microfilaria

192
Q

Infective stage of Filarial worms (final host)

A

Filariform larva

193
Q

MOT of Filarial worms

A

Vector borne

194
Q

what are two types of vector?

A
  1. Biologic Vector
  2. Phoretic/mechanical vector
195
Q

Essential for growth of parasite to continue life cycle

A

Biologic Vector

196
Q

Not needed by parasite

Can transmit parasites from one organism to another but not essential for growth

A

Phoretic/mechanical vector

197
Q

Phenomenon whereby parasites are present in the bloodstream for only a specific time period

A

Periodicity

198
Q

Night time

A

Nocturnal

199
Q

No clear cut of occurrence

A

Subperiodic Nocturnal

200
Q

Daytime

A

Diurnal

201
Q

Anytime

A

Nonperiodic

202
Q

Most prevalent specie of filarial worm in the PH

Most commonly identified that infects man

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

203
Q

Common name of Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Bancroft’s filarial worm

204
Q

Habitat of Bancroft’s filarial worm

A

Lymphatics

205
Q

Vectors of Bancroft’s filarial worm

A

Mosquito

Aedes spp.
Anopheles spp.
Culex spp.

206
Q

Infective stage and diagnostic stage of Bancroft’s filarial worm

A

Microfilaria

207
Q

Morphology of microfilaria (Bancroft’s filarial worm)

A

Sheathed
Nuclei us absent in tail

208
Q

Specimen targeted by microfilaria (Bancroft’s filarial worm) is?

A

Blood

209
Q

periodicity of microfilaria of Bancroft’s filarial worm

A

Nocturnal

210
Q

Common name of Brugia malayi

A

Malayan filarial worm

211
Q

Habitat of Brugia malayi

A

Lymphatics

212
Q

Vectors of Brugia malayi

A

Mosquito

Mansonia spp.
Anopheles spp.

213
Q

Infective and diagnostic stage of Brugia malayi

A

Microfilaria

214
Q

morphology of microfilaria (Brugia malayi)

A

sheathed and has 2 separate nuclei in tail

215
Q

Specimen targeted by microfilaria (Brugia malayi) is?

A

Blood

216
Q

periodicity of microfilaria of Brugia malayi

A

subperiodic Nocturnal

217
Q

PATHOLOGY (W. bancrofti & B. malayi) due to microfilaria

A

Tropic Pulmonary Eosinophilia
- Presented with asthmatic attacks
- Increased eosinophil count
- High IgE antibody level

218
Q

one of the most debilitating diseases that infects tropical countries; 2nd leading cause of permanent and long term disability

A

Lymphatic Filariasis

219
Q

PATHOLOGY (W. bancrofti & B. malayi) due to adult

A

Elephantiasis

Genito-urinary Lesion/Hydrocele

220
Q

enlargement and hardening of the limbs due to tissue swelling

A

Elephantiasis

221
Q

Common among males, enlargement of testes

A

Genito-urinary Lesion / Hydrocele

222
Q

1st leading cause of permanent and long term disability

A

Psychiatric illness

223
Q

What filarial worm has lower elephantiasis (Bancroftian Filariasis)?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

224
Q

What filarial worm has upper elephantiasis (Malayan Filariasis)?

A

Brugia malayi

225
Q

An emerging specie of Brugia

A Lymphatic filarial worm

Occurs in Indonesian archipelago (Timor and Flores Islands)

A

Brugia timori

226
Q

Common name of Brugia timori

A

Timorian filariasis

227
Q

Vector of Brugia timori

A

Mosquito (Anopheles)

228
Q

Microfilaria is same with Brugia malayi but smaller

T or F

A

F (larger)

229
Q

means worm worm

A

Loa loa

230
Q

common name of loa loa

A

Eye worm

231
Q

Habitat of loa loa

A

Subcutaneous and Tissues

232
Q

Vectors of loa loa

A

Fly (Chrysops spp.)

Tabanid fly
Mango fly
Deer fly

233
Q

Infective stage and diagnostic stage of loa loa

A

Microfilaria

234
Q

Morphology of microfilaria (loa loa)

A

Sheathed
Nuclei continuous up to the tip of the tail

235
Q

swelling of subcutaneous tissues

A

calabar Swelling / Fugitive Swelling

236
Q

Pathology of loa loa

A

calabar Swelling / Fugitive Swelling

237
Q

specimen targeted by loa loa is

A

blood

238
Q

Periodicity of loa loa

A

Diurnal

239
Q

common name of Onchocerca volvulus

A

Convoluted worm
Blinding worm
River blindness worm
Gale filarienne

240
Q

habitat of Onchocerca volvulus

A

Subcutaneous and Tissues

241
Q

Vectors of Onchocerca volvulus

A

Blackfly (Simulium spp.)

242
Q

Infective stage and diagnostic stage of Onchocerca volvulus

A

Microfilaria

243
Q

morphology of microfilaria (Onchocerca volvulus)

A

sheathed
nuceli is absent in the tail

244
Q

Pathology of Onchocerca volvulus

A

River Blindness

2nd most common cause of preventive blindness next to Trachoma (C. trachomatis)

Leading cause of blindness in endemic areas

245
Q

causes ocular lesions which could lead to blindness

A

River Blindness

246
Q

Specimen of Onchocerca volvulus

A

skin snips

247
Q

periodicity of Onchocerca volvulus

A

nonperiodic

248
Q

common names of Mansonella perstans

A

Perstan’s filaria
Dipetalonema perstans (old)

249
Q

habitat of Mansonella perstans

A

body cavities

250
Q

vectors of Mansonella perstans

A

Biting Midges / Gnats (Culicoides spp.)

251
Q

Infective stage and diagnostic stage of Mansonella perstans

A

microfilaria

252
Q

Morphology of microfilaria (Mansonella perstans)

A

unsheathed
nuclei up to the tip of the tail

253
Q

Pathology of Mansonella perstans

A

Non-pathogenic filarial worm

254
Q

Periodicity of Mansonella perstans

A

Nonperiodic

255
Q

Mansonella ozzardi common name

A

New World filaria

256
Q

Mansonella ozzardi habitat

A

body cavities

257
Q

Mansonella ozzardi vectors

A

Biting Midges / Gnats (Culicoides spp.)

258
Q

morphology of microfilaria (Mansonella ozzardi)

A

unsheathed
nuclei absent in tail

259
Q

Mansonella ozzardi pathology

A

Non-pathogenic filarial worm

260
Q

Mansonella ozzardi periodicity

A

nonperiodic

261
Q

Specimen in laboratory diagnosis in Filarial worm

A

Blood, skin snips

262
Q

to demonstrate presence of live microfilaria from the blood sample

A

wet smears

263
Q

method of choice

to demonstrate the structure of the microfilaria

A

Giemsa-stained blood smears

264
Q

stimulates microfilaria to come out to the peripheral circulation

A

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) Provocative Test

265
Q

Antigen Detection Technique

A

Circulating Filarial Antigen (CFA)

266
Q

uses swinney filter: everything are not filtered except for microfilaria

A

Membrane Filtration

267
Q

Used to primarily detect microfilariae

Reagent: 2% Formalin (destroy RBC to easily visualize microfilaria)

A

Knott’s Technique

268
Q

stain used in Knott’s Technique

A

Giemsa stain

269
Q

Trichinella spiralis
common names

A

Muscle Worm
Trichina Worm

270
Q

Trichinella spiralis
FINAL HOST / INTERMEDIATE HOST

A

Pigs, Rat
Man (dead-end host)

271
Q

Trichinella spiralis habitat

A

Adult: small intestine
Larva: skeletal muscle

272
Q

Trichinella spiralis diagnostic and infective stage

A

Encysted larva

273
Q

MOT of Trichinella spiralis

A

Ingestion of encysted larva (from the intermediate host)

274
Q

MORPHOLOGY
Adult Male Trichinella spiralis

A

with conical papillae

275
Q

MORPHOLOGY
Adult female Trichinella spiralis

A

with club-shaped uterus
viviparous - lays larva

276
Q

MORPHOLOGY
larva Trichinella spiralis

A

Coiled which is encysted in the nurse cell (only cell capable of supporting Trichinella) of striated muscle

277
Q

Pathology of Trichinella spiralis

A

Adult: Diarrhea and abdominal pain

Larva:
Eosinophilia
Muscle pain at the site of encystation, edema
Eyelid Edema

278
Q

Great imitator

A

Trichinella spiralis

279
Q

specimen used in laboratory diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis

A

Muscle biopsy

280
Q

serologic test to detect Trichinella spiralis antibody in patient’s serum

A

Bentonite Flocculation Test

281
Q

Trichinella extract is injected intradermally, swelling of the area means presence of antibody

A

Intradermal Bachmann Test

282
Q

uses test animal (albino rats) which are fed with muscle samples suspected to contain encysted larva → muscle biopsy

A

Beck’s Xenodiagnosis

283
Q

Longest nematode of man

A

Dracunculus medinensis

284
Q

coiled anterior end

Adult male or female

A

Adult Male

285
Q

prominent rounded anterior end

Adult male or female

A

Adult Female

286
Q

common names of Dracunculus medinensis

A

Guinea worm
Dragon worm
Medina worm
Fiery Serpent of Israelites

287
Q

Definitive host or final host of Dracunculus medinensis

A

Man

288
Q

Intermediate host of Dracunculus medinensis

A

Crustaceans

Copepods
Cyclops

289
Q

Dracunculus medinensis habitat

A

Adult subcutaneous tissues

290
Q

Dracunculus medinensis diagnostic stage

A

adult

291
Q

Dracunculus medinensis infective stage

A

Filariform larvae

292
Q

MOT of Dracunculus medinensis

A

Ingestion of infected copepods

293
Q

pathology of Dracunculus medinensis

A

Dracunculiasis or Guinea Worm Disease

294
Q

lesions in the subcutaneous tissue

A

Dracunculiasis or Guinea Worm Disease

295
Q

Treatment for Dracunculiasis or Guinea Worm Disease

A

Worm Extraction
- manual removal of worm
1. Immersion of affected body part to water
2. Wound is cleaned
3. Worm extraction
4. Topical antibiotics
5. Aspirin / Ibuprofen prescription

296
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis new name

A

Parastrongylus cantonensis

297
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis common name

A

rat lungworm

298
Q

Natural or final host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis

A

rats

299
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis intermediate hosts

A

Mollusks (snail)

Pila luzonica (kuhol)
Brotia asperata (suso)

300
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis habitat

A

CNS

301
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis diagnostic stage

A

Adult female worm (has uterine tubules in spiral arrangement, giving a barber’s pole appearance)

302
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis infective stage

A

larva

303
Q

MOT of Angiostrongylus cantonensis

A

ingestion of intermediate hosts with infective larva

304
Q

Morphology of adult female Angiostrongylus cantonensis

A

with uterine tubules in spiral arrangement

305
Q

pathology of Angiostrongylus cantonensis

A

Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis

306
Q

larva migrates to the brain and spinal cord

A

Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis

307
Q

Resides in the pulmonary tract and lungs in infected humans

A

Dirofilaria immitis

308
Q

Dirofilaria immitis common name

A

dog heartworm

309
Q

Dirofilaria immitis definitive host

A

dog

310
Q

Dirofilaria immitis intermediate host

A

mosquito

311
Q

Dirofilaria immitis habitat

A

circulatory systems of dogs

312
Q

Dirofilaria immitis infective stage

A

Filariform larva

313
Q

MOT of Dirofilaria immitis

A

vector borne

314
Q

Dirofilaria immitis pathology

A

Coin Lesions

315
Q

Produce soliutary, peripheral nodules in the lungs

A

Coin Lesions

316
Q

Common in Japan

A

Anisakis spp.

317
Q

Anisakis spp. common name

A

Herring’s worm

318
Q

Anisakis spp. definitive host

A

Dolphins, whales

319
Q

Intermediate hosts

A

1st IH: Copepods
2nd IH: Small fishes
3rd IH: Larger fishes (salmon)

320
Q

Anisakis spp. habitat

A

Muscles intermediate hosts

321
Q

Anisakis spp. infective stage

A

larva

322
Q

Anisakis spp. MOT

A

ingestion of raw fish with infective larva

323
Q

pathology of Anisakis spp

A

Abdominal pain and granuloma due to migrating larva in intestinal wall

Nematodes_Parasit (1 decks)

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