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Biol 2200 > Nematodas > Flashcards

Nematodas Flashcards

1
Q

How are they comapred to mollusca

A

They are species complex

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2
Q

Where are they found and their form

A

Marine
Maiofauna ( biomonitoring)
In parasitic form eg threadworms or pin worms

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3
Q

What are they important for

A

Biomonitoring

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4
Q

What forms can namatode take

A

Parasitic worms the most
Eg. Threadworms and pinworms

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5
Q

How many nematodes yet to be found - diversity

A

3 million per square meter (soil)
Model org - C elegans - free living soil nematodes

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6
Q

Phylum nematode -> Protostome clade-> ecdysozoa

Describe protosomes claded

A

Extraordinary diverse
Ectysozoa - 3 subclass
Divided based on molecular similarities
Some structural too

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7
Q

List the 3 subclasses of ecdysozoa

A

Scalidophota
Panarthropoda
Nematoida

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8
Q

Q- Why are they placed here with the arthropod and not with annelis

A

Shed their Cuticle in order to grow

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9
Q

Characterostocs of nematods

A

T- Triplobastic, bilateral , vermiform, unseg, blastocoelomates / pseudocoelomate (most common)while others are acpelomates
B- cylindrical body
P- pointed at ant and post
C- have a thick , multilayered cuticle
J- juveniles molt
- longitudinal muscles and not cir muscles diff with ANNELIDS
- sense organs - cephalic. Caudal/ohasmids
- no circulatory, resp system
- complete dig system
- Unique secretory -excretory system ( have rennettes cells or set of collecting ducts)
- epidermal is cellular or syncitial, not cilliated
- long epidermal nerve cords
- gonochotistics - many diff modes
- eutely
- free living and parasitic

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10
Q

Describe the pseudocoelom

A
  • gut not lined with cells drived from mesoderm
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11
Q

How are nutrient circulated

A

Diffusion and oasmois

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12
Q

Effects of pesudocoelomate

A

No circular muscles or supporting mesetaries
Organs held loosley and not well developed
No circulation system , therefore through diffusion.

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13
Q

Describe the cuticle of nematode

A

Flexible - you see how it goes wiggly woogly, that also means it is lighter and thinner then mineral skeletons eg bivalves
No cillia , chitin, and emzymes (metabolically active)

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14
Q

Which form need cillia

A

Parasitic forms
Nemotoda lacks cillia

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15
Q

Why are enzymes present on the cuticle

A

Metabolically active

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16
Q

What is the diff btw nematoda and bivalves

A

Thinner and lighter then mineral skelton (bivalaves)

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17
Q

What is absent in the free living form of nematoda?

A

Inner cuticle layer thicker (fibrous layer) in terrestrial and parasitic form
Cilia is also needed in parasitic worm

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18
Q

How is the tegument in trematode & cestode different compared to Cuticle in nematode

A

Cestode (tapewprms) have microtriches and trematode (flukeworms) and nematodes DONT have microtriches

Tegumemt in trematode - made of multiple layers whole tegument is one expended layer , amd syncytial
Tegument in cestode is not multilayered but is syncytial with microtriches
Cuticle in nematode (no tegumemt) is multilayered but not syncytial

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19
Q

What is the imp Cuticle

A

Support
Movement
Prevent drying - cuticle is semipermeables due to the lipids
Role in secretion, excretion and substances uptake

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20
Q

How do nematoda grow

A

Shed by molting (3-4molts - instar to adult)
Controled by hormones
Regularly shed cuticle via excdysis (or molting)
In arthropods - the hormone controll is the ecdysozo, but ecdysozo doesnt control molting in nematoda

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21
Q

How is the outer body look like

A

Can be varied:
Smooth
Sensory setae
Wartlike bump
Ridges
Grooves

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22
Q

Epidermis of nematoda

A

Cellular to syncytial
Thicken sinto ventral, dorsal & lateral longitudinal cords

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23
Q

Muscles in nematoda

A

Have Longitudinal muscles - 4 quadrants
Muscles connected to dorsal and ventral nerval cords by muscle arm rather than nerve extension in the neuron

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24
Q

How is the muscles connection dif compared to other animals

A

Other animals Should have Netve extension in the neuron

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25
Q

Can nematodes use perastaltic burrowing …..

A

No, they dont have cir muscles

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26
Q

Movement in nematodes - how do they move

A

Have waves of long mus contraction
They travel back over the org
Propeells the body formward

But also

They act against the hydrostautic skl and cuticle (imp of cuticle)
Free living form - need to have contract in subs to occur

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27
Q

Modes of feeding for nematode

A

Carnivores (plankton, benthic)
Deposits
Detritivores
Microscavengers (feed on fungi &bacteria on dead org or fecal )
Plant parasites of plants - nematodes use stylets
Chemautrophic bacterial symbiosis in gut or cuticle ( eg sulfide rich envr)

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28
Q

Regional specilization of nematodes

A

Mouth surr by 6 lips ass with papilae and cuticular flaps
Spines, teeth, jaws
All these structure are ringly arranged around the mouth itself

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29
Q

Nov 29 before feeding and digestion

A
30
Q

Digestive tract in Nematodes

A

Buccal cavity -> muscular pharynx (oesophagus)
Intestine-> rectum-> cloaca-> trophosome (food storage)

31
Q

Buccal cavity

A

Many shes and sizes

32
Q

Muscular pharynx

A

Subdiv into distinct muscular region
Function -?

33
Q

Rectum

A

Subterminal ventral anus

34
Q

Initial and final degestion

A

Initial - extracellular
Final intracellular in intestince

35
Q

K

A
36
Q

I

A
37
Q

J

A
38
Q

K

A
39
Q

L

A
40
Q

M

A
41
Q

Structure for circulation and gas exchanges in nematode

A

No

42
Q

What are their parasitic forms

A

Hemoglobin

43
Q

Excretion
Do nematode have nephridia ? What do they have instead?

A

No they dont
Rennet cells

44
Q

Function of rennet cells

A

Connect directly to the excretory pore (anus in females and cloaca in males) only in free living for,s and not parasitic

45
Q

Some groups have lost rennet cells , which forms ?

A

Parasites (C and D)

46
Q
A

Kin toprotonephridia cells
Osmoregulation

47
Q

Parasitic forms with no rennet cells,what do they have

A

Protonephridia with no cillia

48
Q

Osmoregulation in nematoda

A

By rennet cells
Outer body the cuticle is deferentially permeable (impermeability due to lipid transfer protein) , allows water in but not out
Advantage in a hyper tonic envr
Not adv in a hypotonic envr
Explanation - more solute outside and less water outside, water want to leave , but cuticle doesnt allow it to leave
Vv explanation

49
Q

Nervous system of nematoda

A

Nerve ring in circle composed of axonal dendrtic processe of neurons
Long nerves (dorsal , ventral , lateral) ass to the nerve ring
Has lateral commissures that connect all the long nerves
Nerve ring also connects to anterior nerves

50
Q

Difference btw nervous system and other organism

A

Has neuronal cell bodies in a bundle w/0 ganglia bcz no network of nerve fibres but often referrred to as ganglia
Body cavity has muscle processes that connect to longitudinal nerve cords instead of the other way around

51
Q

Anteriors nerves function

A

Have sensory function
Leads to sensory structures
Sensory str Eg senssilaa - general term for sensory structure eg spine
And Labial pappilae
Focus on mechanical and chemo sensory function

52
Q

Dorsal cord function - motor

A

Lateral cord

53
Q

Lateral cord

A

Sensory but not as well dev as anterior nerves

54
Q

Ventral - main nerve trunk

A

Sensory and motor

55
Q

Sense organs

A

Amphids -

56
Q

Amphids function

A

chemo sensors

57
Q

Amphids are conposed of

A

Modified cillia

58
Q

Amphids are located in

A

Lateral part of the head

59
Q

Amphids derived from

A

Are derived from modified cillia

60
Q

2- phasmids

A

Posterios
Function in chemoreceptor

61
Q

3- sense organ ?

A

Pigment cup ocelli

62
Q

Reproduction in nematodes

A

HOGLY DIVERSE
MAINLY Gonochoristics With sexual dimorphism
Males - smaller and curved
Females are larger and straight

63
Q

Males reproductive system in nematoda

A

Smaller
Cloaca
Copulatory apparatus - spicule
Some have a gubernaculum - guide the spicule into female vagina
Pheromones to locate each other
+ the doagram i made small one in lab

64
Q

Females reproductive system in nematoda

A

Mid ventral gonoppre separated from anus
+ the diagram i made in lab

65
Q

Fertilization/copulation

A

Come together
Males wraps curved posteior part around the female gonopore leading into her vagina

66
Q

HIGH REPRODUCTION DIVERSITY of nematodes

A

hermaphrodite
Parthenogenesis
Pseudogamy - when the copulate with diff sps sperms that are utilized to start the egg to undergo parthenogenesis (it initiates the egg becoming a zygote ) , BUT NO FERTILIZATION OCCURS
Trioery - in a population MANY DIFF REPRODUCTION WAYS OCCURRING

67
Q

What happens (development) after internal fertilization

A

1- Lay eggs in the envr
Zygote with harder egg shell
2- Facultative vivipary - zygote hatches inside uterus
- the female doesn’t survive bcz as the zygote grow they feed on mother
3- hermaphrodite (ovotestis)- self fertilization
4- direct development - free living

68
Q

Development in free living forms

A

1- Direct developmemt after internal fertilization
2- Some have a resistant juvenile stages (dauer stage)
- c elegans occurs at when 2nd stage molt into adult
Dauer stage helps survive in stress full conditions
…..

69
Q

Life cycle and developments in parasitic forms

A

So,e have a specialized stage i….

70
Q

Whipworm vs roundwarms lifecycle

A

W- all the dev stages donot occur in the human host
Opp in round waorm

71
Q

Whipworm lofe cycle

A

Mates in human guts
Fertilised eggs in host faeces
Ingestion of embryos
+ lifecycle diagram

72
Q

Roundworm life cycle

A

Complete all stages of dev in human host
+ diagram

Biol 2200 (1 decks)

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