Neisseriaceae Flashcards by Hannah Grefaldia

What family does the genus Neisseria belong to?

Neisseriaceae

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What is the species name of Moraxella?

Moraxella catarrhalis

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What type of bacteria are Neisseria species?

Oxidase positive, gram-negative diplococci

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What are the two major pathogenic species of Neisseria?

N. gonorrhoeae
N. meningitidis

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How is N. gonorrhoeae transmitted?

Sexually transmitted

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How is N. meningitidis spread?

Via respiratory droplets

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What is gonorrhea?

An acute pyogenic infection of nonciliated columnar and transitional epithelium

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What does the term ‘gonorrhea’ mean?

A ‘flow of seed’

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What is another name for gonorrhea?

‘The clap’

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Where can gonorrhea infection remain localized?

Cervix
Conjunctiva
Oropharynx
Anorectal area
Urethra of males

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What is the incubation period for gonorrhea?

Approximately 2 to 7 days

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What are common manifestations of gonorrhea in men?

Acute urethritis
Purulent discharge
Dysuria

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What complications can arise in male patients with gonorrhea?

Prostatitis
Epididymitis

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What is the most common site of infection for women with gonorrhea?

Endocervix

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What complications can arise in women with gonorrhea?

Pelvic inflammatory disease
Sterility
Ectopic pregnancy
Perihepatitis (Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome)

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What inhibits the recovery of N. gonorrhoeae from blood cultures?

Sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS)

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What is a leading cause of fatal bacterial meningitis?

N. meningitidis

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How many serogroups of N. meningitidis are commonly implicated in infections?

Eight serogroups

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What are the names of the eight serogroups of N. meningitidis?

A
B
C
X
Y
Z
W135
L

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What diseases can occur when N. meningitidis enters the bloodstream?

Fulminant meningococcemia
Meningitis

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What is a common symptom of meningitis?

Abrupt onset of frontal headache

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What is the fatality rate associated with meningitis caused by N. meningitidis?

10% to 15%

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What is Moraxella catarrhalis recognized as?

An opportunistic pathogen

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What respiratory infections can M. catarrhalis cause?

Upper respiratory tract infections
Lower respiratory infections in COPD patients

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What is the most common cause of acute otitis media in children?

M. catarrhalis

What makes M. catarrhalis resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin?

Production of β-lactamase

What is a characteristic of Neisseria cinerea?

Misidentification as N. gonorrhoeae

What distinguishes N. cinerea from N. gonorrhoeae?

Colistin susceptibility test

What is Neisseria lactamica commonly found in?

The nasopharynx of infants and children

What does the species name 'lactamica' imply?

It uses lactose

What is a characteristic of Neisseria mucosa colonies?

Large, adherent, and very mucoid

What is a common appearance of N. sicca colonies?

Dry, wrinkled, adherent, and breadcrumb-like

What does the species name 'subflava' mean?

'Less yellow'

What is an important direct detection method for gonococcal disease?

Gram stain of urethral discharge

What type of media is used for N. meningitidis and M. catarrhalis cultivation?

Trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep blood

What selective media is used for N. gonorrhoeae?

Thayer-Martin medium

What temperature should agar plates be incubated at for N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis?

35°C to 37°C

What is a characteristic of M. catarrhalis when cultured?

Produces smooth, opaque, gray-to-white colonies

What biochemical test can differentiate M. catarrhalis from Neisseria spp.?

Positive DNase and butyrate esterase reactions

What should be done with clear body fluids suspected of containing pathogens?

Centrifuge at room temperature at 1500 x g for 15 minutes

What is the appearance of gram-negative diplococci in gonococcal disease?

Kidney- or coffee bean–shaped

What is the incubation method for JEMBEC plates?

At 35°C to 37°C

What is the significance of the term 'hockey puck' in relation to M. catarrhalis?

Describes the colony's intactness when pushed across the plate

What is the historical method for determining carbohydrate utilization patterns?

Cysteine trypticase soy agar (CTA) with 1% glucose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose with phenol red as indicator. Results are read after 24 to 72 hours.

How are carbohydrate utilization patterns currently determined?

By inoculating an extremely heavy suspension of the organism in a small volume of buffered, low peptone substrate with the appropriate carbohydrate. Results are available in approximately 4 hours.

Name three rapid identification kits for biochemical identification.

* Neisseria Preformed Enzyme Test (PET) * RapID NH * API NH

What distinguishes M. catarrhalis from gonococci and meningococci?

* Growth on blood agar at 22°C * Growth on nutrient agar at 35°C * Reduction of nitrate to nitrite * Inability to utilize carbohydrates * Production of DNase

Which chromogenic substrate enzyme tests is M. catarrhalis negative for?

* Beta-galactosidase * Gamma-glutamyl aminopeptidase * Prolyl-hydroxylprolyl aminopeptidase

What does the presence of beta-galactosidase and gamma-glutamyl aminopeptidase indicate?

N. meningitidis

Is N. lactamica ONPG-positive or ONPG-negative?

ONPG-positive

Is N. meningitidis ONPG-positive or ONPG-negative?

ONPG-negative

What is the purpose of the oxidase test?

To test all suspected isolates of N. gonorrhoeae.

Describe the filter paper method used in the oxidase test.

Oxidase reagent is placed on filter paper, and a colony is rubbed onto the reagent. A positive reaction shows a purple color within 10 seconds.

What color indicates a positive reaction in the oxidase test when reagent is dropped directly onto a colony?

Deep purple to black

Name a non-amplified DNA probe assay.

* PACE 2 * Gen-Probe Accuprobe test * Digene CT/GC Dual ID HC2

List two amplified assays used in molecular methods.

* AMPLICOR * COBAS AMPLICOR PCR

What are the two genes recommended by the CDC for species-specific identification?

* ctrA gene (exclusive to N. meningitidis) * sodC gene (described only in strains of N. meningitidis)

What is the preferred assay type for detecting N. gonorrhoeae in clinical specimens?

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs)

What is the Phadebact GC OMNI test?

A particle agglutination method for immunoserologic identification.

What is the purpose of prophylactic administration of antimicrobials to newborns?

To reduce the development of gonococcal conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum).

What is the recommended prophylactic treatment for newborns at risk of gonococcal conjunctivitis?

A single dose of 0.5% erythromycin ophthalmic ointment into each eye at birth.

Which serogroups of N. meningitidis most commonly cause systemic disease?

* A * B * C * W135 * Y

True or False: Serogroup D is still recognized in N. meningitidis classification.

False

What key prevention method is used against N. meningitidis?

Quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine