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Negocios en un entorno global > Negocios en un entorno global > Flashcards

Negocios en un entorno global Flashcards

1
Q

consists of the basic information systems required by organizations to coordinate worldwide trade and other activities

A

international information systems architecture

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2
Q

it is necessary to understand the global environment in which your firm is operating, including the business drivers that are pushing your industry toward global competition and management challenges

A

when building an international system

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3
Q

factor into a successful globalization plan

A

the structure of the organization, locations, job functions, management issues, technology platforms

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4
Q

global business drivers can be divided into two groups

A

general cultural factors and specific business factors

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5
Q

the three main organizational issues in globalizing a business are

A
  1. Choosing a strategy
  2. Organizing the business structure (decentralized, centralized, coordinated)
  3. Organizing the systems management area
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6
Q

Four main global strategies from the basis for global firm’s organizational structure

A
  1. Domestic
  2. Multinational
  3. Franchiser
  4. Transnational
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7
Q

the four main types of information systems configuration are

A
  1. Centralized systems: systems development and operation occur totally at the domestic home base.
  2. Duplicated systems: development occurs at the home base, but operations are handed over to autonomous units in foreign locations.
  3. Decentralized systems: each foreign unit designs its own unique solutions and systems
  4. Networked systems: systems development and operations occur in an integrated and coordinated fashion across all units
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8
Q

is a process used by companies to manage and integrate the important parts of their businesses

A

Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

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9
Q

can also integrate planning, purchasing inventory, sales, marketing, finance, human resources, and more

A

An ERP software system

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10
Q

can help a corporation by linking information about the production, finance, distribution, and human resources together. It integrates accounts payable, stock control systems, order-monitoring systems, and customer databases into one system

A

ERP applications

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11
Q

Leaders in ERP software

A

Oracle, SAP, JD Edwards, Epicor, Sage, Microsoft Dynamics, etc.

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12
Q

interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an organization

A

information systems

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13
Q

They are made up of five components

A

hardware, software, data, people, and process

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14
Q

Technology can be thought of as the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. It is composed by three elements

A
  1. Hardware: it is the part of an information system you can touch (computers, keyboards, disk drives, iPads, and flash drives)
  2. Software: it is a set of instructions, that tells the hardware what to do. Software is not tangible
  3. Data: it is a collection of facts
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15
Q

it is a system model described as communication exchanges between two stations, transmitter, and receiver

A

communication systems

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16
Q

The process of transmission and reception of information

A

communication

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17
Q

The major elements of communication are

A

the transmitter of information, channel or medium of communication and the receiver of information

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18
Q

Types of communication systems

A

analog, digital, wired, wireless

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19
Q

is the study, design, development, implementation, support, or management of computer-based information systems-particularly software applications and computer hardware

A

information technology

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20
Q

science and practice of transmitting information by electromagnetic means

A

telecommunication

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21
Q

examples of modern communication

A

telephones (wired and wireless), microwave communications, fiber optics, satellites, radio, and television broadcasting, the internet, and telegraphs

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22
Q

largest example of telecommunication network

A

internet

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23
Q

Other examples of telecommunication network are

A

o Corporate and academic wide-area networks (WANs)
o Telephone networks
o Cellular networks
o Police and fire communications systems
o Taxi dispatch networks
o Groups of amateur (ham) radio operators
o Broadcast networks

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24
Q

the process of establishing a mutually beneficial relationship with other businesspeople and potential clients or customers

A

bussiness networking

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25
Q

advantage of networking

A

sharing of knowledge

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26
Q

is a term that refers to meeting other business owners, potential suppliers, or other professionals who have business experiences to help you grow your business

A

Business networking

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27
Q

Business networking benefits:

A

o Create awareness of the latest trends of technology in your industry
o Provide you with professional mentors or contacts who might be able to assist you
o Expanding your knowledge

28
Q

Types of business networking

A

business seminars, networking groups, professional associations

29
Q

the application of technology to solve business or organizational problems on a broad scale

A

information techonology IT

30
Q

There are three primary pillars of responsibility for an IT department at a company

A

o IT governance: this refers to the combination of policies and processes that ensure IT systems are effectively run and in alignment with the organization’s needs
o IT operations: this refers to the daily work of an IT department. This includes providing tech support, network maintenance, security testing, and device management duties.
o Hardware and infrastructure: this focus area refers to all the physical components of IT infrastructure. This includes the setup and maintenance of equipment like routers, servers, phone systems, and individual devices like laptops

31
Q

Future scopes, challenges, and project development for IT

A

o Data overload: businesses need to process huge amounts of data. This requires large amounts of processing power, sophisticated software, and human analytical skills.
o Mobile and wireless usages: more employers are offering remote work options that require smartphones, tablets, and laptops with wireless hotspots and roaming ability
o Cloud services: most businesses no longer operate their own “server farms” to store massive amounts of data. Many businesses now work with cloud services -third party hosting platforms that maintain that data.
o Bandwidth for video hosting: videoconferencing solutions have become more and more popular, so more network bandwidth is needed to support them sufficiently

32
Q

is a company that operates in its home country, as well as in other countries around the world. It maintains a central office located in one country, which coordinates the management of all its other branches or factories

A

multinational corporation (MNC)

33
Q

the top five multinational corporations in the world

A

Walmart ($514 billion), Sinopec Group ($415 billion), Royal Dutch Shell ($397 billion), China National Petroleum ($393.01 billion), State Grid ($387 billion)

34
Q

MNC characteristics

A
  1. Very high assets and turnover
  2. Network of branches
  3. Control
  4. Continued growth
  5. Sophisticated technology
  6. Right skills
  7. Forceful marketing and advertising
  8. Good quality products
35
Q

MNC strategies

A

o Access to lower production costs
o Proximity to target international markets
o Avoidance of tariffs

36
Q

Models of MNC

A

o Centralized: its advantages are to avoid tariffs and import quotas and lower production costs
o Regional: it includes subsidiaries and affiliates that all report to the headquarters
o Multinational: the subsidiaries and affiliates are more independent in their operations

37
Q

advantages of MNC

A

o Shipping costs savings
o Operating in markets where their capital is most efficient, or wages are lowest
o Reducing prices and increasing the purchasing power of consumers
o Taking advantage of tax variations (low tax rate)
o Spurring job growth in the local economies
o Potential increases the company’s tax revenues
o Increased variety of goods
o Mobile, adaptable, or flexible labor force

38
Q

disadvantages of MNC

A 
o	Monopoly developing
o	Driving up prices for consumers
o	Stifling competition
o	Inhibiting innovation
o	Detrimental effect on the environment
o	Downfall of smaller, local businesses
o	Breaching ethical standards (evading laws and leveraging their business with capital)
39
Q

benefits of being an MNC

A

efficiency, development, employment and innovation

40
Q

efficiency

A

MNC’s are able to reach their target markets more easily because they manufacture in the countries where the target markets are. Also, they can easily access raw materials and cheaper labor costs.

41
Q

development

A

MNC’s pay better than domestic companies, making them more attractive to the local labor force. They are usually favored by the local government because of the substantial amount of local taxes they pay, which helps boost the country’s economy

42
Q

employment

A

MNC’s hire local workers who know the culture of their place and are thus able to give helpful insider feedbacks on what the locals want

43
Q

innovation

A

MNC’s employ both locals and foreign workers, they are able to come up with products that are more creative and innovative

44
Q

is the art of creating specific business strategies, implementing them, and evaluating the results of executing the plan, in regard to a company’s overall long-term goals or desires

A

strategic planning

45
Q

Strategic planning process

A

o Strategy formulation: a company will assess its current situation by performing an internal and external audit for helping to identify the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis)
o Strategy implementation: after a strategy is formulated, the company needs to establish specific targets or goals related to putting the strategy into action, and allocate resources for the strategy’s execution
o Strategy evaluation: involves three crucial activities: reviewing the internal and external factors affecting the implementation of the strategy, measuring performance, and taking corrective steps to make the strategy more effective

46
Q

the organizational structures of MNCs are defines by four characteristics

A
  1. Formalization: it is a system whose content is the decision process, communication, and control systems. Policies, procedures, job descriptions, and rules
  2. Specialization: it is the process of assigning specific and well defines tasks to the individual employees. It could be horizontal (individual) or vertical (groups)
  3. Centralization & decentralization: it is basically the scope of the parent company towards its subsidiaries. The higher the degree of centralization there is, the more the subsidiaries are controlled as a result they lack in creativity and innovation
  4. Levels in the hierarchy – span of control: tall structures have several layers between the CEO and the frontline employees while flat structures are wider and do not have as many layers as tall structures. Span of control indicates the maximum number of subordinates that a supervisor can have
47
Q

is a way in which a manager works to fulfill their goals. includes the way that a manager plans, organizes, makes decisions, delegates, and manages their staff.

A

management style

48
Q

Management styles are affected by both internal and external factors

A

a) Internal factors: they are organizational and corporate culture of the company, as well as policies, priorities, employee engagement and staff skill levels
b) External factors: they are employment laws, the economy, competitors, suppliers, and consumers

49
Q

There are three broad categories of management styles

A

Autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire

50
Q

autocratic styles

A

authorative management style, persuasive management style, paternalistic management style

51
Q

democratic styles

A

consultative, participative, collaborative, transformational and coaching

52
Q

laissez-faire management styles

A

delegate and visionary

53
Q

is the process of bringing or introducing new products or services to market. is broken into phrases, from the initial introduction of the product through its mass production and adoption. It considers the production, distribution, marketing, sales, and customer support required to achieve commercial success

A

commercialization

54
Q

components of commercialization

A

the ideation phase (generate new products), business process stage (most functional designs) and stakeholder stage (R&D)

55
Q

is the sale of goods and services to a foreign country

A

export

56
Q

is the purchase of goods and services from foreign sources and bringing them back into the domestic market

A

import

57
Q

is that part of supply chain management that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverses flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers’ requirements

A

logistics management

58
Q

Logistics management activities include

A
  1. Inbound and outbound transportation
  2. Management
  3. Fleet management
  4. Warehousing
  5. Materials handling
  6. Order fulfillment
  7. Logistics network design
  8. Inventory management
  9. Supply/demand planning
  10. Management of third-party logistics services provider
59
Q

the movements of passengers or freight from an origin to a destination relying on several modes of transportation. The exchange of freights is between two transportation modes

A

intermodal transportation

60
Q

the movements of passengers or freight from an origin to a destination relying on several modes of transportation. Technically it is the same as intermodal transportation, but requires a higher level of integration between carriers and terminal operators

A

multimodal transportation

61
Q

is any written, electronic, or graphic communications on the packaging or on a separate but associated label. Display of information about a product on its container, packaging, or the product itself

A

labeling

62
Q

are all activities associated with moving materials from source to destination. Can be associated with movement from a manufacturer or distributor to customers, retailers, or other secondary warehousing/distribution points.

A

distrbution

63
Q

Distribution logistics pursue three goals

A

availabiloity, cost, influence

64
Q

is a name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller’s good or service as distinct from those of other sellers.

A

brand

65
Q

four Ps of marketing

A

product, price, place and promotion

Negocios en un entorno global (1 decks)

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