Negocios en un entorno global

Question 1

consists of the basic information systems required by organizations to coordinate worldwide trade and other activities

Answer 1

international information systems architecture

Question 2

it is necessary to understand the global environment in which your firm is operating, including the business drivers that are pushing your industry toward global competition and management challenges

Answer 2

when building an international system

Question 3

factor into a successful globalization plan

Answer 3

the structure of the organization, locations, job functions, management issues, technology platforms

Question 4

global business drivers can be divided into two groups

Answer 4

general cultural factors and specific business factors

Question 5

the three main organizational issues in globalizing a business are

Answer 5

1. Choosing a strategy
2. Organizing the business structure (decentralized, centralized, coordinated)
3. Organizing the systems management area

Question 6

Four main global strategies from the basis for global firm’s organizational structure

Answer 6

1. Domestic
2. Multinational
3. Franchiser
4. Transnational

Question 7

the four main types of information systems configuration are

Answer 7

1. Centralized systems: systems development and operation occur totally at the domestic home base.
2. Duplicated systems: development occurs at the home base, but operations are handed over to autonomous units in foreign locations.
3. Decentralized systems: each foreign unit designs its own unique solutions and systems
4. Networked systems: systems development and operations occur in an integrated and coordinated fashion across all units

Question 8

is a process used by companies to manage and integrate the important parts of their businesses

Answer 8

Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

Question 9

can also integrate planning, purchasing inventory, sales, marketing, finance, human resources, and more

Answer 9

An ERP software system

Question 10

can help a corporation by linking information about the production, finance, distribution, and human resources together. It integrates accounts payable, stock control systems, order-monitoring systems, and customer databases into one system

Answer 10

ERP applications

Question 11

Leaders in ERP software

Answer 11

Oracle, SAP, JD Edwards, Epicor, Sage, Microsoft Dynamics, etc.

Question 12

interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an organization

Answer 12

information systems

Question 13

They are made up of five components

Answer 13

hardware, software, data, people, and process

Question 14

Technology can be thought of as the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. It is composed by three elements

Answer 14

1. Hardware: it is the part of an information system you can touch (computers, keyboards, disk drives, iPads, and flash drives)
2. Software: it is a set of instructions, that tells the hardware what to do. Software is not tangible
3. Data: it is a collection of facts

Question 15

it is a system model described as communication exchanges between two stations, transmitter, and receiver

Answer 15

communication systems

Question 16

The process of transmission and reception of information

Answer 16

communication

Question 17

The major elements of communication are

Answer 17

the transmitter of information, channel or medium of communication and the receiver of information

Question 18

Types of communication systems

Answer 18

analog, digital, wired, wireless

Question 19

is the study, design, development, implementation, support, or management of computer-based information systems-particularly software applications and computer hardware

Answer 19

information technology

Question 20

science and practice of transmitting information by electromagnetic means

Answer 20

telecommunication

Question 21

examples of modern communication

Answer 21

telephones (wired and wireless), microwave communications, fiber optics, satellites, radio, and television broadcasting, the internet, and telegraphs

Question 22

largest example of telecommunication network

Answer 22

internet

Question 23

Other examples of telecommunication network are

Answer 23

o Corporate and academic wide-area networks (WANs)
o Telephone networks
o Cellular networks
o Police and fire communications systems
o Taxi dispatch networks
o Groups of amateur (ham) radio operators
o Broadcast networks

Question 24

the process of establishing a mutually beneficial relationship with other businesspeople and potential clients or customers

Answer 24

bussiness networking

Question 25

advantage of networking

Answer 25

sharing of knowledge

Question 26

is a term that refers to meeting other business owners, potential suppliers, or other professionals who have business experiences to help you grow your business

Answer 26

Business networking

Question 27

Business networking benefits:

Answer 27

o Create awareness of the latest trends of technology in your industry o Provide you with professional mentors or contacts who might be able to assist you o Expanding your knowledge

Question 28

Types of business networking

Answer 28

business seminars, networking groups, professional associations

Question 29

the application of technology to solve business or organizational problems on a broad scale

Answer 29

information techonology IT

Question 30

There are three primary pillars of responsibility for an IT department at a company

Answer 30

o IT governance: this refers to the combination of policies and processes that ensure IT systems are effectively run and in alignment with the organization’s needs o IT operations: this refers to the daily work of an IT department. This includes providing tech support, network maintenance, security testing, and device management duties. o Hardware and infrastructure: this focus area refers to all the physical components of IT infrastructure. This includes the setup and maintenance of equipment like routers, servers, phone systems, and individual devices like laptops

Question 31

Future scopes, challenges, and project development for IT

Answer 31

o Data overload: businesses need to process huge amounts of data. This requires large amounts of processing power, sophisticated software, and human analytical skills. o Mobile and wireless usages: more employers are offering remote work options that require smartphones, tablets, and laptops with wireless hotspots and roaming ability o Cloud services: most businesses no longer operate their own “server farms” to store massive amounts of data. Many businesses now work with cloud services -third party hosting platforms that maintain that data. o Bandwidth for video hosting: videoconferencing solutions have become more and more popular, so more network bandwidth is needed to support them sufficiently

Question 32

is a company that operates in its home country, as well as in other countries around the world. It maintains a central office located in one country, which coordinates the management of all its other branches or factories

Answer 32

multinational corporation (MNC)

Question 33

the top five multinational corporations in the world

Answer 33

Walmart ($514 billion), Sinopec Group ($415 billion), Royal Dutch Shell ($397 billion), China National Petroleum ($393.01 billion), State Grid ($387 billion)

Question 34

MNC characteristics

Answer 34

1. Very high assets and turnover 2. Network of branches 3. Control 4. Continued growth 5. Sophisticated technology 6. Right skills 7. Forceful marketing and advertising 8. Good quality products

Question 35

MNC strategies

Answer 35

o Access to lower production costs o Proximity to target international markets o Avoidance of tariffs

Question 36

Models of MNC

Answer 36

o Centralized: its advantages are to avoid tariffs and import quotas and lower production costs o Regional: it includes subsidiaries and affiliates that all report to the headquarters o Multinational: the subsidiaries and affiliates are more independent in their operations

Question 37

advantages of MNC

Answer 37

o Shipping costs savings o Operating in markets where their capital is most efficient, or wages are lowest o Reducing prices and increasing the purchasing power of consumers o Taking advantage of tax variations (low tax rate) o Spurring job growth in the local economies o Potential increases the company’s tax revenues o Increased variety of goods o Mobile, adaptable, or flexible labor force

Question 38

disadvantages of MNC

Answer 38

``` o Monopoly developing o Driving up prices for consumers o Stifling competition o Inhibiting innovation o Detrimental effect on the environment o Downfall of smaller, local businesses o Breaching ethical standards (evading laws and leveraging their business with capital) ```

Question 39

benefits of being an MNC

Answer 39

efficiency, development, employment and innovation

Question 40

efficiency

Answer 40

MNC's are able to reach their target markets more easily because they manufacture in the countries where the target markets are. Also, they can easily access raw materials and cheaper labor costs.

Question 41

development

Answer 41

MNC’s pay better than domestic companies, making them more attractive to the local labor force. They are usually favored by the local government because of the substantial amount of local taxes they pay, which helps boost the country’s economy

Question 42

employment

Answer 42

MNC’s hire local workers who know the culture of their place and are thus able to give helpful insider feedbacks on what the locals want

Question 43

innovation

Answer 43

MNC’s employ both locals and foreign workers, they are able to come up with products that are more creative and innovative

Question 44

is the art of creating specific business strategies, implementing them, and evaluating the results of executing the plan, in regard to a company’s overall long-term goals or desires

Answer 44

strategic planning

Question 45

Strategic planning process

Answer 45

o Strategy formulation: a company will assess its current situation by performing an internal and external audit for helping to identify the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis) o Strategy implementation: after a strategy is formulated, the company needs to establish specific targets or goals related to putting the strategy into action, and allocate resources for the strategy’s execution o Strategy evaluation: involves three crucial activities: reviewing the internal and external factors affecting the implementation of the strategy, measuring performance, and taking corrective steps to make the strategy more effective

Question 46

the organizational structures of MNCs are defines by four characteristics

Answer 46

1. Formalization: it is a system whose content is the decision process, communication, and control systems. Policies, procedures, job descriptions, and rules 2. Specialization: it is the process of assigning specific and well defines tasks to the individual employees. It could be horizontal (individual) or vertical (groups) 3. Centralization & decentralization: it is basically the scope of the parent company towards its subsidiaries. The higher the degree of centralization there is, the more the subsidiaries are controlled as a result they lack in creativity and innovation 4. Levels in the hierarchy – span of control: tall structures have several layers between the CEO and the frontline employees while flat structures are wider and do not have as many layers as tall structures. Span of control indicates the maximum number of subordinates that a supervisor can have

Question 47

is a way in which a manager works to fulfill their goals. includes the way that a manager plans, organizes, makes decisions, delegates, and manages their staff.

Answer 47

management style

Question 48

Management styles are affected by both internal and external factors

Answer 48

a) Internal factors: they are organizational and corporate culture of the company, as well as policies, priorities, employee engagement and staff skill levels b) External factors: they are employment laws, the economy, competitors, suppliers, and consumers

Question 49

There are three broad categories of management styles

Answer 49

Autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire

Question 50

autocratic styles

Answer 50

authorative management style, persuasive management style, paternalistic management style

Question 51

democratic styles

Answer 51

consultative, participative, collaborative, transformational and coaching

Question 52

laissez-faire management styles

Answer 52

delegate and visionary

Question 53

is the process of bringing or introducing new products or services to market. is broken into phrases, from the initial introduction of the product through its mass production and adoption. It considers the production, distribution, marketing, sales, and customer support required to achieve commercial success

Answer 53

commercialization

Question 54

components of commercialization

Answer 54

the ideation phase (generate new products), business process stage (most functional designs) and stakeholder stage (R&D)

Question 55

is the sale of goods and services to a foreign country

Answer 55

export

Question 56

is the purchase of goods and services from foreign sources and bringing them back into the domestic market

Answer 56

import

Question 57

is that part of supply chain management that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverses flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers’ requirements

Answer 57

logistics management

Question 58

Logistics management activities include

Answer 58

1. Inbound and outbound transportation 2. Management 3. Fleet management 4. Warehousing 5. Materials handling 6. Order fulfillment 7. Logistics network design 8. Inventory management 9. Supply/demand planning 10. Management of third-party logistics services provider

Question 59

the movements of passengers or freight from an origin to a destination relying on several modes of transportation. The exchange of freights is between two transportation modes

Answer 59

intermodal transportation

Question 60

the movements of passengers or freight from an origin to a destination relying on several modes of transportation. Technically it is the same as intermodal transportation, but requires a higher level of integration between carriers and terminal operators

Answer 60

multimodal transportation

Question 61

is any written, electronic, or graphic communications on the packaging or on a separate but associated label. Display of information about a product on its container, packaging, or the product itself

Answer 61

labeling

Question 62

are all activities associated with moving materials from source to destination. Can be associated with movement from a manufacturer or distributor to customers, retailers, or other secondary warehousing/distribution points.

Answer 62

distrbution

Question 63

Distribution logistics pursue three goals

Answer 63

availabiloity, cost, influence

Question 64

is a name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller’s good or service as distinct from those of other sellers.

Answer 64

brand

Question 65

four Ps of marketing

Answer 65

product, price, place and promotion