Negligence - Duty Flashcards
Define Negligence
Negligence
A duty to conform to a standard of conduct that is breached by the defendant and the breach is the actual and proximate cause of plaintiff’s damages.
Within Negligence, is there a duty to act?
Negligence
No, the general rule is that there is no duty to act.
Are there exceptions to the “no duty to act” rule?
Negligence
Yes, where there are special relationships and under certain circumstances.
What relationships or circumstances create an exception to the “no duty to act” rule?
Negligence
- Contractual Relationships (Nurse/Patient, etc.)
- Assumption of Duty to Act by Acting
- Creation of Peril
- Special Relationships
What happens when one assumes a duty by acting where there is otherwise no duty to act?
Negligence
Assumption of Duty to Act While Acting
- One who gratuitously acts for another is then under a duty to continue the assistance.
- This is because, if one assumes a duty, it could be that others who may have aided didn’t go because of the person assuming the duty.
What special relationships may require a duty to act?
Negligence
Parent/Child, Spouse
Common Carrier/Innkeeper
School/Student
When must a Parent/Spouse assume a duty to act?
Negligence
- Knows of the need to act;
2. Reasonable likely to succeed.
What is the duty to act by Common Carriers/Innkeepers?
Negligence
Duty to use reasonable care to protect passengers or guests.
What is the duty to act by Schools?
Negligence
Duty to protect students within boundaries of school/university.
What is a “creation of peril” duty to act?
Negligence
When one negligently places another in a position of peril, they are under a duty to use reasonable care to
assist.
Is there a statute that encourages healthcare workers and to assist where there is otherwise is no duty to act?
Negligence
Yes, the “Good Samaritan” statute.
Does the “Good Samaritan” statute impose a duty to act?
Negligence
No, it only exempts healthcare professionals who voluntarily help another in an emergency from liability under ordinary negligence.
Who is owed a duty of care?
Negligence
Only foreseeable plaintiffs are owed a duty of care.
Are plaintiff’s generally clearly foreseeable?
Negligence
Yes, plaintiff’s are generally clearly foreseeable.
Is a third party ever a foreseeable plaintiff?
Negligence
Yes, when the breach of duty to one person causes injury to a third party.
Are all third parties foreseeable plaintiff’s?
Negligence
No, only those within the foreseeable “Zone of Danger” (Cardozo).
Note* Cardozo’s Zone of Danger applies only to third parties.
Are rescuers foreseeable plaintiff’s?
Negligence
Rescuer’s are ALWAYS foreseeable plaintiffs because “Danger invites Rescue.” Rescuer’s never assume the risk.
What are the two standards of care in negligence?
Negligence
- General Standard
2. Specific Standard
How is the general standard of care determined?
Negligence
By the reasonable prudent person test.
Under the general standard of care, are physical characteristics taken into account?
Negligence
Yes, under the general standard of care, physical characteristics are taken into account.
Under the general standard of care, are mental characteristics taken into account? Negligence
No, under the general standard of care, mental characteristics are not taken into account?