Negative Energy Balance Flashcards
What conditions does NEB cause?
Ketosis
Fat mobilisation syndrome
Which molecules play a role in NEB?
Glucose
C3-molecules
Vitamins
Co-enzymes
Which processes play a role in NEB?
Krebs cycle
Glucoenogenesis
Why isn’t glucose often available in cows? What do they rely on instead?
Microbes in the rumen use up glucose in resp so they rely on C3 molecules
When do cows become insufficient in glucose? What relies on glucose to function and what does a lack of glucose cause?
Early lactation
- Brain
- Insulin dependent oranges
- Milk yield
Lack causes gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
How does a lack of glucose affect the Krebs cycle in the cow and what are the consequences?
Low glucose –> C3 molecules used to generate glucose instead of entering Krebs cycle –> Krebs stops –> Reduction in ATP and accumulation of fats and ketones
When does ketosis happen most commonly in the cow? What are the risk factors for developing it?
2-10 days post calving
- Milk fever
- Staggers
- RFM
- Lameness
- Twins
What is the difference between primary and secondary ketosis in the cow and what are the causes of each?
Primary - Can’t eat enough, space, stocking density, behaviour, nutritional deficiency
Secondary - Won’t eat enough, L/RDA, metritis, lameness, mastitis
What are the two clinical presentations of ketosis in cows?
Wasting form
Neurological form
Outline clinical signs of ketosis in the wasting form in the cow…
Gradual inappetance, refusing to eat concentrates
Marked loss of body weight
Firm, dry faeces
Transient bouts of staggering
Outline the clinical signs of ketosis in the neuro form in the cow…
Sudden abnormal behaviour Circling, wandering, head pushing, apparent blindness Depraved appetite, pica, chewing Hyperaesthesia Uncoordinated gait
How is ketosis treated in the cow?
IV dextrose 100g quickly IV dextrose 200g slowly Steroids (will decrease MY) Appetite stimulants Propylene glycol 250ml BID
How does fatty liver syndrome appear grossly?
Yellow liver
Outline the pathogenesis of fatty liver syndrome…
Excessive weight loss –> Fat mobilised by lipase –> NEFA are deposited in the liver
What are the clinical signs of fatty liver syndrome?
Sudden decrease in BCS Inappetence, anorexia Recumbency Neurological signs Death
When does fatty liver occur with pregnancy toxaemia?
Sheep with twins
Fat cows/sheeo
Reduced feed intake
Which cattle does pregnancy toxaemia occur most commonly in? What can be a major risk factor involved?
Beef and autumn calving
Internal parasitism which drains body resources
What are the clinical signs of pregnancy toxaemia in cattle?
Agitation Incoordinated Recumbency Scant faeces \+/- depression
What are the clinical signs of pregnancy toxaemia in sheep?
Seperation from the flock, apparent blindness
Constipation
Bruxism
Transient drowsiness, stargazing, incoordination
Recumbency, depression, coma
How is fatty liver syndrome and pregnancy toxaemia diagnosed?
Blood - High NEFA, low glucose, low liver enzymes
Milk - High fat, low protein
High fat on liver biopsy
How is fatty liver syndrome and pregnancy toxaemia treated in cattle?
IV dextrose, IVFT Steroids Propylene glycol High quality feed Response is usually, however, poor.
How is fatty liver syndrome and pregnancy toxaemia treated in sheep?
Drench ev 4-8H with rehydration solution
+/- induce parturition, caesar
Supplementary feed
Propylene glycol
How are fatty liver syndrome and pregnancy toxaemia prevented in cattle?
Ideal BCS at calving Reduce concurrent disease Early lactation cows should be fed an energy dense ration to prevent rumen acidosis Good quality forage, maize silage Force fat cows to walk for feed/water
How are fatty liver syndrome and pregnancy toxaemia prevented in sheep?
Ideal BCS at lambing
Twins/triplets feed supplementary
Shelter/supplemenary hay/silage for ewes in poor weather
Planning husbandry to reduce stress.
