Negative energy balance Flashcards
Possible causes of secondary ketosis?
LDA (feed intake goes down, get NEB) LDA can lead to NEB but NEB can also lead to LDA
Any condition that makes cows loose appetite!
What is primary negative energy balance?
Can’t eat enough to make up for use e.g. in early lactation
What metabolic processes come about in NEB to produce more glucose?
gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
Which process in the cow is insulin independent?
Milk production
Why are ketone bodies formed?
Spill over of acetyl coA
Do cows develop ketoacidosis?
No, more so smallies that get this
When do you get acidosis in cows?
Excess carbohydrates → VFA profile change → Lactate
When does ketosis typically occur?
2-10 weeks after calving
What are some possible causes of ketosis?
Hypocalcaemia, hypomag, RFM, lameness, twin carrying cows
Why do hypocalcaemia cows get ketosis?
Feed intake goes down due to insufficient calcium causing decreased gut mobility
What are the two forms of ketosis?
Wasting form and neurological form
What might you expect the faeces to look like in wasting form ketosis?
Hard, dry and firm
what are the signs of neurological form ketosis?
Sudden onset abnormal behaviour
walking in circles, head pressing
depraved appetite, licking everything
Hyperaesthesia
How do you diagnose ketosis?
CLINICAL SIGNS
Blood Glucose (will be low)
Blooe beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA)
Milk and urine ketone levels (keep ketone sticks in car)
Serum NEFAs can be evaluated
What levels of beta hydroxybutyrate are considered to be a) subclinical, b) clinical
a) subclinical >1.4mmol/L
b) clinical >2.5mmol/L
How do you treat ketosis?
Slow Glucose drip (over about 5 hours) wean off as cow starts eating again
can give corticosteroids, supports gluconeogenesis but milk yield drops so not popular with farmers
Can give proplene glycol 250ml twice a day until the cow starts to spit it back in your face!
What is fatty liver disease?
excess fat mobilisation, fat mobilised as NEFA (lipase) which gets deposited in the liver
What BCS are fatty liver cows typically likely to be?
low but was high a couple of weeks ago.. fast weight loss
When do pregnancy tozaemia and FLS tend to begin?
last few weeks of gestation, common with twins
Do beef or dairy cows tend to be more likely to get pregnancy toxaemia?
Beef (mostly autumn calving herds)
Pregnancy toxaemia is uncommon in ****** ewes
maiden
What mineral imbalances is pregnancy tozaemia sometimes seen with?
hypomag hypocalcaemia
what is the prognosis for pregnancy toxaemia in sheep?
generally fatal
What are the clinical signs of pregnancy toxaemia?
Separate from flock, apparently blind,
Constipation
Gridning teeth
Recumbent, depression, coma
Those that recover will have woolbreak
How do you diagnose pregnancy toxaemia in ewes?
Blood: NEFA, Glucose, liver enzymes (LDH, ASAT, GGT)
Milk: Fat >5%, Protein >2.5%,
What is the treatment for pregancy toxaemia?
As for ketosis combined with IV fluids
Consider insulin use if glucose bolus, steroids, choline, biotin, cobalamine
Provide high quality feed, glucose precursor rich
Generally poor prognosis
Sheep: drench every 4-8 hours with rehydration solution to fix uraemia, induce parturition or caeserean
Place affected flocks IMMEDIATELY on supplementary feeding and treat early cases with propylene glycol
