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Year 1 Pathology > Necrosis / Cell death > Flashcards

Necrosis / Cell death Flashcards

1
Q

How do cells respond to damage?

A
  • Change in cellular activity
  • Alteration of cell morphology
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2
Q

What does inability to successfully adapt to damaging stimuli lead to?

A
  • Sublethal cell injury
    or
  • Cell death
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3
Q

Do cell types show different suceptibility to damage?

A

Yes - e.g. neurons far more sensitive to ischaemia than fibroblasts

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4
Q

Give examples of cell damage

A
  • Trauma: physical damage
  • Carbon monoxide inhalation: prevents O2 transport
  • Contact with strong acid: coagulated tissue proteins
  • Paracetamol overdose: metabolites bind to liver cell proteins and lipoproteins
  • Bacterial infection: toxins and enzymes
  • Ionising radiation: Damage to DNA
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5
Q

What cellular components are affected in cell damage/death?

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Ionic channels within cell membranes
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoskeleton
  • DNA
  • Proteins
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6
Q

What can happen during ischaemia?

A
  1. Reduced energy production
  2. Metabolism changes, changing pH
  3. No energy to drive ion channels e.g. Na/K pump leading to osmotic swelling and rupture of organelles
  4. Ca2+ pump fails, causing activation of phopholipase, protease and endonuclease leading to membrane disruption, proteolysis of cytoskeleton and cell disintegration
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7
Q

What are 6 types of necrosis?

A
  • Coagulative: due to severe ischaemia. Occurs in solid organs
  • Liquefactive: occurs in brain due to hydrolytic enzyme release
  • Caseous: seen in tuberculosis
  • Fat: in breast and pancreas
  • Fibrinoid: Occurs in arteries e.g. vasculitis
  • Haemorrhagic: dead tissue with extravasated RBC - due to blocked venous drainage leading to congestion and arterial perfusion failure
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8
Q

What is gangrene and the 2 types?

A

Macroscopic term used to describe dead black tissue
* Dry: coagulative type necrosis with little/no infection (rare)
* Wet: tissue infected with gram -ve bacteria

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9
Q

Describe apoptosis

A
  • Programmed cell death
  • Collateral injury to surroinding tissue is minimised (cytoplasmic contents not released)
  • Cell components recycled
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10
Q

How does apoptosis differ from necrosis?

A

Apoptosis is cell death under a physiological/genetic control

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11
Q

What settings does apoptosis occur in?

A
  • During development (formation of digits in embryo)
  • Homeostatic mechanism to maintain cell populations
  • Defence mechanisms (neutrophil death in acute inflammation)
  • Cell damage
  • Ageing (involutoin of thymus)
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12
Q

What signals activate apoptosis?

A
  • Lack of growth factors (GFs/hormones)
  • Ligand-receptor interaction (Fas or TNF-a)
  • Injurious agents e.g. DNA damage p53
  • T and NK cells
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13
Q

What are the 3 stages of apoptosis?

A
  1. Initiation: apoptosis stimulated by Bax protein and pores form in mitochondrial membrane
  2. Execution: activation of initiator and executioner caspases which lead to endonuclease activation, breakdown of cytoskeleton and apoptotic body formation
  3. Disposal: phagocytosis by macrophages and/or adjacent epithelial cells
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14
Q

What is ischaemia

A

The lack og oxygen and blood flow due to an obstruction in an artery/vessel

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15
Q

What is infarction?

A
  • Necrosis due to ischaemia
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16
Q

What is hypoxia?

A
  • Inadequate amount of oxygen in tissues
  • Usually due to obstruction of blood flow
17
Q

Whats the pathway for hypoxic cell injury

A
  1. Lack of oxygen
  2. Decreased oxidative phosphorylation
  3. Decreased ATP
  4. Membrane damage and rupture of lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum
18
Q

What is the temperature where irreversible changes accumulate in human cells?

A

Above 43 degrees celcius

19
Q

What mechanisms can microorganisms cause cell damage?

A
  • Toxins affecting cell metabolism
  • Enzymes breaking down tissue
  • Intracellular replication (viruses)
  • Inflammatory response
  • Immune response
    *
20
Q

How are death cap mushrooms poisonous?

A

Contain Amatoxin which inhibits RNA polymerase

21
Q

What is autolysis and when does it occur

A
  • Death of cells due to release of digestive enzymes from inside the cells (lysosomes)
  • After death of the whole organism or from removal of the organism
22
Q

What do histo specimens have to be fixed in?

A

Neutral buffered formalin

23
Q

What happens as duration of injury increases?

A

Year 1 Pathology (1 decks)

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