Neck and oral cavity

Question 1

Boundaries and functions of the oral cavity

Answer 1

Boundaries:
Superiorly- Nasal cavity
Inferiorly- Pharynx

Functions:

• Digestion
• Speaking [manipulation of sound from the larynx]

Question 2

Divisions of the tongue

Answer 2

Oral division
- Anterior 2/3

Pharyngeal
- Posterior 1/3

Terminal sulcus divided anterior from posterior.

Papillae

• Contains taste buds
• Except filiform

Question 3

Frenulum

Answer 3

Under medial fold that separates the right side from the left side of the tongue.

Question 4

Divisions of the oral cavity

Answer 4

Oral vestibule
- Space between the lips and cheek

Oral cavity proper
- Space enclosed by the teeth

Question 5

Boundaries of the oral cavity proper

Answer 5

Roof
- Hard and soft palate

Floor

• Mylohyoid muscle
• Geniohyoid muscle
• Tongue
• Submandibular and sublingual glands

Question 6

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

- Function

Answer 6

Longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical

Function:

• Fine movement of the tongue
• Used for speech, eating and swallowing.

Question 7

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue [4]

Answer 7

Genioglossus

Hyoglossus

Styloglossus

Palatoglossus

Question 8

Genioglossus

• Shape
• Function

Answer 8

Extrinsic muscle of the tongue

• Fan shaped
• Arising from the mandible

Action

• Depression
• Protrusion

Question 9

Hyoglossus

• Shape
• Function

Answer 9

Extrinsic muscle of the tongue

• From hyoid bone
• Vertical fibres

Action:
Depression

Question 10

Styloglossus

• Shape
• Function

Answer 10

Extrinsic muscle of the tongue arising from the styloid process
- Downwards, forward fibres

Function:
Retraction

Question 11

Palatoglossus

• Shape
• Function

Answer 11

Extrinsic muscle arising from the soft palate
- downward fibres

Function:

• Elevates back of the tongue
• Depresses soft palate

Question 12

Innervation of the oral tongue

Answer 12

Special afferent [TASTE]

• Chorda tympani [from CN7]
• Lingual nerve [from mandibular nerve]

General sensation
- Lingual nerve

Question 13

Innervation of the pharyngeal division of the tongue

Answer 13

Special afferent [TASTE]
- Glossopharyngeal [CN9]

Sensation
- CN9

Motor

• Hypoglossal [CN12]
• CNX [palatoglossus]

Question 14

Innervation of the muscles of the tongue

Answer 14

CN12
- Hypoglossus

CN10

• Vagus
• Palatoglossus ONLY

Question 15

Venous and arterial supply to the tongue

- Source

Answer 15

Lingual arteries and veins

- Branch from the ECA

Question 16

Muscles of the soft palate

Answer 16

Palatoglossal and Palatopharyngeal
- Form the arches

Uvula

All depress the palate

Question 17

Hypoglossal nerve

• Type
• Exit
• Innervation

Answer 17

CN 12
- Exits hypoglossal canal

Gives all motor supply to the tongue
- Except palatoglossus muscle

Question 18

Clinical test for CN12 function

Answer 18

Patient is asked to protrude their tongue

- A deviation to one side may indicate impairment of CN12

Question 19

CN 9

• Name
• Exit
• Type [4}
• Innervation [5]

Answer 19

Glossopharyngeal
- Exits jugular foramen

Type

• Somatic sensory [oropharynx and posterior 1/3 of the tongue]
• Special afferent, taste [post. third of the tongue]
• Visceral—> parotid gland
• Motor—> Stylopharyngeus

Question 20

Larynx

• Function
• Border

Answer 20

Phonation

• Sits above the trachea
• Hyoid bone superior

Sphincter for the airway, blocks objects from entering trachea

Question 21

Larynx cartilages + their functions [6]

- I see see see Three A Es

Answer 21

Thyroid

• Forms Adam’s apple
• Connects to hyoid bone via ligament

Cricoid

• Forms inferior wall
• Connects to thyroid cartilage

Corniculate [paired]
- Apex of arytenoid

Arytenoid [paired]
- Alters vocal chords

Cuneiform [paired]
- anterior to corniculate

Epiglottis

• Elastic
• Blocks airway from food

Question 22

Ligaments of the larynx

Answer 22

Vestibular

Vocal

Question 23

Innervation of the larynx

Answer 23

Vagus nerve

• Recurrent laryngeal branch [motor]
• Superior laryngeal branch [sensory]

Question 24

Arterial supply to the larynx

Answer 24

Upper half
- Superior thyroid [ from external carotid}

Lower half
- Inferior thyroid [ from thyrocervical trunk]

Question 25

Pharynx divisions | - Surrounding anatomy

Answer 25

Pharynx [most posterior of neck] - Behind oral cavity and nasal cavity - Above oesophagus and larynx Visions - Nasopharynx - Oropharynx - Laryngopharynx

Question 26

Muscles of pharynx

Answer 26

Superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles

Question 27

Innervation of pharynx

Answer 27

Motor - CN X, Vagus - Stylopharyngeus ----> CN 9, Glossopharyngeal Sensory - CN V2 [maxillary] - CN 9 - CN X

Question 28

General motor supply of the vagus nerve

Answer 28

Palatoglossus muscle Larynx and Pharynx muscles

Question 29

Path of vagus nerve

Answer 29

``` Medulla---> Jugular foramen [exit]--> Carotid sheath ---> Head + thorax----> Foregut and midgut ```

Question 30

CN 8 - Name - Exit - Type - Innervation

Answer 30

Vestibulocochlear - Exits internal acoustic meatus Sensory divisions: - Vestibular [balance] - Cochlear [hearing] Special somatic afferent - Carries information about hearing, equilibrium and motion

Question 31

CN 11 - Name - Exit - Type - Innervation

Answer 31

Accessory nerve - Exits jugular foramen Motor supply to: - Sternocleidomastoid - Trapezius

Question 32

Fascias of the neck | - Clinical importance

Answer 32

Pretracheal Prevertebral Investing Fascia reduce infection spread Also allows structures to move past each other when the neck moves or during swallowing.

Question 33

Carotid sheath | - Contents [6]

Answer 33

Fascia in the neck Contains: - Internal jugular vein - Vagus nerve - Deep cervical lymph nodes - Carotid sinus nerve - Common carotid - Internal carotid

Question 34

Bones of the neck

Answer 34

7 cervical vertebrae posteriorly Hyoid bone anteriorly

Question 35

Contents of the carotid triangle [5]

Answer 35

Common carotid artery Internal jugular vein CN 10-12

Question 36

Boundaries of the carotid triangle [4]

Answer 36

Omohyoid Stylohoid Digastric muscle Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Question 37

Contents of the submandibular triangle [3]

Answer 37

Submandibular gland Facial artery Facial vein

Question 38

Boundaries of the submandibular triangle

Answer 38

Anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscle | - Bound it at the front and back

Question 39

Submental triangle contents and boundaries

Answer 39

Contents - Lymph nodes Bounded by anterior belly of the digastric muscle.

Question 40

Muscular triangle - Contents - Boundaries

Answer 40

Contains: Supra hyoid muscle Infra hyoid muscle. Boundaries: - Omohyoid - Sternocleidomastoid

Question 41

Anterior trinangle

Answer 41

Region of the neck - Separated from the lateral triangle by the sternocleidomastoid Contains 3 paired triangles - Submandibular - Submental [unpaired] - Muscular - Carotid

Question 42

Suprahyoid muscles of the muscular triangle

Answer 42

Stylohyoid Digastric Mylohyoid Geniohyoid

Question 43

Infrahyoid muscles of the muscular triangle | + innervation

Answer 43

Innervation: C1-3 of ansa cervicalis Omohyoid Sternohyoid Thyrohoid Sternothyroid

Question 44

Innervation of stylohoid and posterior digastric

Answer 44

Facial nerve [CN 7]

Question 45

Mylohyoid innervation

Answer 45

CN 5

Question 46

Geniohyoid innervation

Answer 46

CN 12

Question 47

Posterior/ Lateral triangle | - Boundaries of traingles

Answer 47

Occipital triangle - Sternocleidomastoid - Trapezius - Omohyoid Supraclavicular triangle - Clavicular SCM - clavicle - omohyoid

Question 48

Posterior/ Lateral triangle contents [5]

Answer 48

Subclavian artery External jugular vein Brachial plexus CN 11 [accessory] Cervical plexus

Question 49

Arterial supply of the neck

Answer 49

External carotid branches: - Superficial temporal - Maxillary - Facial - Ascending pharyngeal - Superior thyroid - Lingual Subclavian branch - Inferior thyroid

Question 50

Venous drainage of neck

Answer 50

Internal jugular vein - Neck viscera - Neck muscles External jugular Anterior jugular - connects to external jugular

Question 51

Uvula innervation

Answer 51

CN X