Neck

Question 1

What are the four regions the neck can be divided into?

Answer 1

1. ) Anterior triangle: - contains infra-hyoid, supra-hyoid muscles, major blood vessels and thyroid, trachea and pharynx.
2. ) SCM
3. ) Lateral (posterior triangle): - houses roots and trunks of the brachial plexus and scalene muscles.
4. ) Posterior: - muscles such as traps, splenius capitis and cervicis and lev. scap.

Question 2

Platisma

Answer 2

O: Delto-pectoral fascia
I: Inferior border of mandible and fascia of lower face
N: Cranial nerve 7 (facial)
F: Tenses the skin of the neck and lower face

Question 3

SCM

Answer 3

O: Manubrium and clavicle (medial 1/3)
I: Mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line
N: Cranial nerve 11 (spinal accessory) plus C2-C3
F: bends the neck ipsilaterally and rotates the head contralaterally. If both together flexion of neck

Question 4

Supra-hyoid muscles.

Answer 4

Group of small muscles that are attached to the skull and the hyoid bone. Major function is to elevate the hyoid bone or depress (open) the mandible. Cranial nerves 5 and 7 supply these muscles.

1. ) Stylo-hyoid
2. ) Mylo-hyoid
3. ) Genio-hyoid
4. ) Digasteric (mastoid process to mandible)

Question 5

Infra-hyoid muscles

Answer 5

A group of strap muscles that are attached to the sternum, thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. General function is to pull down and stabilize the hyoid bone/thyroid cartilage. All these muscles are supplied by branches of cervical plexus (C1-C3).

1. ) Sterno-hyoid
2. ) Omo-hyoid
3. ) Sterno-thyroid
4. ) Thyro-hyoid

Question 6

Longus coli

Answer 6

O: vertebral bodies of C5-T3 and TP’s of C3-C5.
I: Anterior tubercle of C1, vertebral bodies of C1-C3, and TP’s of C3-C6.
N: C2-C6 ventral rami
F: neck flexion and contralateral rotation

Question 7

Longus capitis

Answer 7

O: TVP’s of C3-C6
I: occipital bone (in front of foramen magnum)
N: C1-C3 ventral rami
F: head flexion

Question 8

Scalenes

Answer 8

O: TVP’s of C3-C6 (ant.); C2-C7 (mid.); C5-C7 (post.)
I: First (ant. and mid.) or second (post.) ribs
N: C2-C8 ventral rami
F: elevation of the first two ribs (action) and neck flexion and side flexion (reverse actions)

Question 9

Common carotid artery arises from arch of aorta (left) or brachiocephalic trunk (right). The artery then divides into external and internal carotid arteries. Internal carotid supplies CNS. External carotid supplies face and parts of neck. What are the 3 most important branches of the external carotid artery?

Answer 9

1. ) Facial artery wraps around inferior border of mandible to enter face and supply superficial part of face.
2. ) Maxillary artery which supplies the deeper parts of the face (cavities)
3. ) Superficial temporal artery passes in front of auricle to supply major parts of scalp.

Question 10

How do veins drain blood from head to superior vena cava?

Answer 10

• Internal jugular vein drains from CNS - also receives blood from scalp and deep parts of face
• then it is joined with anterior and external jugular veins which carry the blood from superficial parts of face and neck.
• internal jugular and subclavian vein of same side unit to form brachio-cephalic veins on right and left sides and then union of these two veins make the superior vena cava (drains to right atrium)

Question 11

What is the larynx?

Answer 11

• Musculo-ligamentous structure with a cartilaginous skeleton
• continuous with pharynx above and trachea below
• larynx acts as a passage for air and is also involved in vocalization
• three single cartilages and three paired cartilages
• skeletal muscles innervated by CN10 (vagus) can change the tension of vocal cords