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Z MD1 neck anatomy > neck > Flashcards

neck Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 regions of the neck

A

posterior:

vertebral region, posterior triangle, sternocleidomastoid (over SCM muscle)

anterior:

anterior triangle, root of the neck (bottom of SCM region)

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2
Q

what important structures pass through the posterior triangle region of the neck

A

the brachial plexus the cervical plexus subclavian artery accessory nerve

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3
Q

what are the three compartments of the neck

A

vertebral

visceral

vascular

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4
Q

what does the vertebral region of the neck consist of

A

the cervical vertebra and the associated postural muscles

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5
Q

what does the visceral region of the neck consist of

A

trachea, oesophagus, the thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands and thymus

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6
Q

what does the vascular region of the neck consist of

A

the fascia that surround the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve

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7
Q

what are the 5 fascial layers of the neck

A

superficial fascia

investing layer

pretracheal layer

prevertebral layer

carotid sheath

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8
Q

where is the superficial fascia layer of the neck

A

between the skin and the first layer of deep fascia

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9
Q

where is the investing fascial layer of the neck

A

surrounds the sternocleidomastoid muscles and the trapezius muscles (passes both infront and behind them)

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10
Q

where is the prevertebral fascial layer of the neck

A

completely surrounds the posterior compartment of the neck surrounding the vertebra and all surrounding muscles

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11
Q

where is the carotid sheath

A

fascia surrounding the vascular compartment of the neck

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12
Q

what is the clinical relevance of the difference compartments of the neck

A

it allows a pathway for pus/blood/infective material to track up and down

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13
Q

which cervical vertebra contribute to the lordosis of the cervical spine

A

C1-5

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14
Q

which muscles of the neck extend the head on the neck and help maintain cervical lordosis

A

postvertebral muscles

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15
Q

why is it that when you are tired, you tip your head forward

A

because the centre of gravity of the head lies in front of the centre of rotation

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16
Q

which cervical vertebra are “typical” vertebra

A

C3-6

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17
Q

what typical features to C3-6 vertebra show

A
  • body
  • articular column
  • pedicle
  • lamina
  • spinous process
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18
Q

what differences are there in C3-6 vertebra compared to thoracic vertebra, but are common between vertebra C3-6

A
  • transverse foramen
  • anterior and posterior tubercles
  • bifid spinous process
  • uncinate process
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19
Q

what is specific to vertebra C7

A

has the longest spinous process

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20
Q

what is the importance of the transverse foramen in the cervical vertebra

A

bony protection for the vertebral artery

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21
Q

what is the significance of the bifid spnous process of the cervical vertebra

A

allows many muscles to to attach to it (increases the surface area for attachment)

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22
Q

what are the 3 lateral muscles of the neck

A

scalenus medius

scalenus anterior

scalenus posterior

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23
Q

where does the scalenus anterior extend from/to

A

from the anterior tubercle to the first rib

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24
Q

what is the importance of the scalenes muscles

A

between the anterior and medius scalenus muscle is where the subclavian artery and brachial plexus are

  • also phrenic nerve lies on scalenus anterior
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25
Q

where are the prevertebal muscles

A

located deep to prevertebral fascia

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26
Q

which prevertebral muscle maintains the lordosis of the cervical spine

A

longus colli

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27
Q

what is a cervical rib

A

elongation of the anterior tubercle of C7 that attaches to the sternum

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28
Q

what is the significance of a cervical rib

A

can lead to nerve entrapment of T1 elements on movement (axilla sensation, and hand numbness)

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29
Q

which cervical rib has the longest transverse processlas

A

atlas

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30
Q

what is the distinguishing feature of C2 (axis)

A

has the dens - articulates with the facet on the anterior arch of the atlas

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31
Q

where do the nerve roots pass out of the vertebra

A

C1+C2 = behind the facet joint below

C3-7 = infront of the facet joint

32
Q

how can you tell which is internal and which is external carotid artery

A

external gives off branches and is more anterior while internal has no branches and is more posterior

33
Q

at what cervical level does the common carotid artery bifurcate

A

C4 vertebra

34
Q

through which cervical vertebra does the vertebral artery run through

A

C6-C1

35
Q

what is the importance of the thick intervertebral discs in the cervical spine

A

prevents forward slip and rotation

36
Q

what direction causes cervical disc prolapse

A

AP direction

37
Q

how many joints at the atlanto-occipital joint

A

2 lateral synovial joints

38
Q

how many joints at the atlanto-axial joint

A

3 synovial joints

39
Q

what is the function of the transverse ligament in the cervical spine

A

stabilises the dens and prevents posterior translation of dens into vertebral canal

40
Q

what is the function of the alar ligaments in the cervical spine

A

“checks” the range of rotation of atlas around the dens

41
Q

what is the clinical relevance of osteophytes forming from the uncinate processes and facet surfaces of the cervical vertebra

A

may cause irritation of the nerve roots and occlude the vertebral artery

42
Q

what is the hangmans fracture

A

extension fracture of the cervical spine through both the pedicles

43
Q

where does the neck extend from/to, both anteriorly and posteriorly

A

anterioly: from the lower border of the mandible to the manubrium

posteriorly - from the superior nuchal line down to C7-T1 disc

44
Q

where is the superior nuchal line

A

the little lines that extend out either side from the external occipital protrubrence

45
Q

which structures are contained in the superficial fascia

A

platysma - thin sheet of muscle that blends with the facial muscles

anterior and external jugular vein

46
Q

what are the two fascia of the pretracheal fascia

A

pretracheal fascia

buccopharyngeal fascia

47
Q

what is the importance of the pretracheal fascia

A

it extends up to the hyoid bone - everything that is in the pretracheal fascia will move up and down with swallowing

48
Q

what is contained within the carotid sheath

A

common carotid

vagus nerve

internal jugular vein

49
Q

what are the borders of the anterior triangle

A
  • SCM infront
  • the inferior border of the mandible
  • the midline of the neck
50
Q

what are the borders of the posterior triangle

A
  • behind SCM
  • infront of trapezius
  • above the middle third of the neck
51
Q

what are the anterior muscles of the neck

A

suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

52
Q

in what compartment are the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

A

lie between the investing fascia and the pretracheal fascia

53
Q

what is the function of the suprahyoid muscles

A

elevation of the hyoid and the larynx

54
Q

what is the function of the infrahyoid muscles

A

anchor the hyoid bone above down to the sternum or clavicle or scapula = function to depress the hyoid and larynx

55
Q

what innervates the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

A

the anterior rami of cervical nerves

56
Q

at what cervical level does the common carotid bifurcate

A

C3/4 - upper border of thyroid cartilage

57
Q

what are the 6 branches of the external carotid artery

A
  • superior thyroid artery (ant)
  • lingual artery (ant)
  • facial artery (ant)
  • posterior auricular artery (post)
  • occipital artery (post)
  • ascending pharyngeal artery (deep)
58
Q

internal jugular vein… - is it medial or lateral to the external carotid artery in the carotid sheath?

A

lateral

59
Q

at what cervical level is the isthmus

A

runs anterior to tracheal cartilages 2, 3 and 4

60
Q

is the thyroid gland anterior or deep to the strap muscles

A

deep

61
Q

what clinical presentations can goitre cause

A
  • respiratory obstruction
  • dysphagia
  • hoarse voice
  • venous distention
62
Q

explain the arterial supply of the thyroid

A

paired superior thyroid arteries and paired inferior thyroid arteries (single thyroid ima artery in 10% of people)

63
Q

what are the origins of the superior and inferior thyroid arteries

A

superior - 1st branch of the external carotid artery

inferior - branch of subclavian artery

64
Q

explain the venous drainage of the thyroid

A

superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

65
Q

the foramen caecum on the tongue marks..

A

the site of origin of the thyroid gland

66
Q

what is accessory thyroid tissue

A

can have nodules anywhere along the migration path of the thyroid gland

67
Q

what are the main branches of the subclavian artery in the neck

A

vetebral artery

thyrocervical trunk

68
Q

which nerve roots form the cervical plexus

A

C1-4

69
Q

lymph drainage of the neck

A

superficial cervical nodes

deep cervical nodes

70
Q

4 nerves of the anterior triangle

A

CNIX, CNX, CNXI, (through jugular foramen) and CNXII (Through hypoglossal canal)

71
Q

how can you tell which nerve is which in the anterior triangle

A

CNIX - passes forwards after giving off a branch to the carotid sinus

CNX - descends in the carotid sheath

CNXI - heads backwards

CNXII - passes forwards between carotid artery and jugular vein

72
Q

if the hypoglossal nerve is damaged, which way does the tongue deviate

A

towards the affected side

73
Q

what columns of the vagus nerve innervate the neck

A

somatic sensory - mucous membrane of the larynx

branchial motor - muscles of pharynx, larynx and soft palate

74
Q

what is the ligament called between the atlas and the occipital bone

A

posterior atlnato-occipital membrane

75
Q

what are the ligaments between the axis and the occipital bone

A
  • membrana tectoria
  • anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
76
Q

what is the posterior ligament of the cervical spine

A

ligamentum nucahe

Z MD1 neck anatomy (1 decks)

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