ndfs 200 slides

Question 1

nutrient functions

Answer 1

provides energy, growth and development, regulates bodily processes

Question 2

carbohydrates

Answer 2

fruits, vegetables, grains

Question 3

simple carbohydrates

Answer 3

mono- and di-saccharides. ex. glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 4

complex carbohydrates

Answer 4

starch (digestible carbohydrate polymers) & fiber (indigestible carbohydrate polymers)

Question 5

lipids

Answer 5

insoluble in water, saturated vs unsaturated, triglycerides

Question 6

triglyceride

Answer 6

most common form in food, glycerol backbone, 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol by ester bonds

Question 7

protein function

Answer 7

enzymes, immune factors, carries oxygen, structure. contains nitrogen, sulfur, and selenium

Question 8

vitamins

Answer 8

diverse chemical structures, used in many biochemical reactions

Question 9

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 9

vitamins A, D, E, K

Question 10

water soluble vitamins

Answer 10

vitamins C and B

Question 11

minerals

Answer 11

inorganic, not destroyed by cooking, major vs trace

Question 12

energy sources

Answer 12

carbohydrates (4 kcal/g), protein (4), fats (9), alcohol (7)

Question 13

energy uses

Answer 13

muscle contraction, neuron firing, ion homeostasis

Question 14

ABCDE’s of nutritional assessment

Answer 14

Anthropometric: measuring height, weight, body circumferences, skinfold thickness (easy to obtain)
Biochemical: measuring nutrients in blood, urine, feces, tissue
Clinical: health care professionals look for physical evidence of diet related diseases
Dietary: evaluates food frequency/ history, foods typically consumed
Environment: determines persons education and economic background

Question 15

epidemiology

Answer 15

identifies corollary data, doesn’t establish causality

Question 16

meta analysis

Answer 16

reanalyzing data that was previously published to establish a more generalized conclusion

Question 17

Framingham heart study

Answer 17

longest lived study, heart disease and failure

Question 18

NHANES

Answer 18

national health and nutrition examination survey

Question 19

dietary reference intakes (DRI)

Answer 19

estimated average requirement, recommended daily allowances, adequate intake, upper limit, estimated energy requirements

Question 20

estimated average requirements (EAR)

Answer 20

daily intake amounts required to meet the needs for half the population

Question 21

recommended dietary allowances (RDA)

Answer 21

nutrient intake to meet the needs of 98% of population (EAR x 1.2)

Question 22

adequate intake (AI)

Answer 22

establish for nutrients without an EAR

Question 23

upper level (UL)

Answer 23

maximum daily allowances that will not cause adverse effects, based on intake from all sources

Question 24

estimated energy requirement (EER)

Answer 24

average caloric intake needed for each age group, energy stored as fat

Question 25

acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR)

Answer 25

fat: 20-35% carbohydrates: 45-65% protein: 10-35%

Question 26

dietary guidelines for Americans

Answer 26

USDA and DHHS review reports and establish dietary guidelines

Question 27

nutrigenetics vs nutrigenomics

Answer 27

nutrigenetics: identifies the importance of genotype on diet-related diseases nutrigenomics: determines the effect of food on gene expression

Question 28

functions of digestive system

Answer 28

1. mechanical and chemical breakdown of food 2. absorbs nutrients 3. physical barrier against illness 4. microbiome

Question 29

mucosa

Answer 29

layer closest to the lumen

Question 30

circular and longitudinal muscles

Answer 30

mixes and propels food

Question 31

serosa

Answer 31

outermost layer, secretes water and provides padding, reduces friction

Question 32

segmentation

Answer 32

no directionality, ensures sufficient mixing with digestive enzymes, breaks up fat

Question 33

peristalsis

Answer 33

moves food bolus down the GI tract, utilizes a wave of contraction

Question 34

enzymes

Answer 34

produced by salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine

Question 35

hydrolysis reactions

Answer 35

break molecules apart by adding water

Question 36

mouth

Answer 36

mechanical motion decreases size of food particles -amylase breaks down carbohydrates

Question 37

esophagus

Answer 37

epiglottis closes to block trachea, food bolus drops onto epiglottis and then into esophagus, epiglottis reopens

Question 38

stomach

Answer 38

-parietal cells: excrete HCl -chief cells: pepsinogen (protein digestion) and gastric lipase (triglyceride digestion) -amylase inactivated

Question 39

HCl function

Answer 39

kills bacteria, unfolds proteins, inactivates ingested hormones, dissolves minerals

Question 40

gastric pits

Answer 40

parietal cells release HCl, chief cells release pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Question 41

pepsin

Answer 41

-optimal at pH <3.5 -breaks down protein into amino acids -cannot digest hair

Question 42

small intestine

Answer 42

-major site of digestion and absorption -duodenum, jejunum, ileum -circular folds and villi help to increase surface area

Question 43

villi/epithelial cells

Answer 43

-finger like projections -enterocytes: digestion/absorption -goblet cells: mucous -endocrine cells: hormone -glycocalyx covers enterocytes that contain digestive enzymes

Question 44

liver

Answer 44

produces bile which emulsifies fat (2-4 cups a day)

Question 45

pancreas

Answer 45

produces 5-6 C of pancreatic juices/day which contains sodium bicarbonate and enzymes -enzymes include amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin

Question 46

gallbladder

Answer 46

stores bile and releases it into common bile duct

Question 47

cardiovascular system

Answer 47

-water soluble vitamins, fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates -nutrients from intestine to hepatic portal vein -liver metabolizes and stores some nutrients, rest go to the body -waste products of metabolism brought back from cells

Question 48

lymphatic system

Answer 48

transports long chain fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins, moved through thoracic duct to blood

Question 49

large intestine

Answer 49

-colon, rectum, anus -houses microbiome, absorbs water/ electrolytes/gas, forms feces