NDD-Dementia Flashcards
What are the different types of dementia?
Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies
Which type of dementia results in a progressive impairment of memory, executive function, attention, language, visual processing and praxis with commonly associated behavioral disturbances?
Alzheimer’s disease
What is the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease?
cortical atrophy of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes as well as the hippocampal region caused by an accumulation of amyloid beta senile plaques and tau protein neurofibrillary tangles
T or F: Alzheimer’s disease has a rapid progression.
False, it is slow and progressive until death
How many stages are there for Alzheimer’s disease?
Three, early stage, middle stage and late stage
The symptoms of AD gradually lead to…
behavior and personality changes, a decline in cognitive abilities, such as decision-making and language skills and problems recognizing family and friends.
T or F: Medical management for AD includes disease treatment to cure the disease
False, to slow the progression
Medical management to cure symptoms target what areas?
cognitive decline, psychiatric symptoms and behavior disturbances
Pharmacotherapy is used with clients with AD to manage what symptoms?
cognition, depression, delusions, hallucinations, agitation and aggression
What is the pathology for vascular dementia?
cerebrovascular disease (often a series of small strokes) leading to focal lesions in the brain and neurotransmitter disruption
T or F: There is a continuous decline in patients with vascular dementia
False, it is abrupt or step wise
T or F: Cognitive decline in patients with vascular dementia is similar to AD but often has more severe memory involvement
False, it’s often LESS severe memory involvement
What is a common clinical feature in clients with vascular dementia?
Gait disturbance
What is the common course and prognosis of vascular dementia?
sudden appearance of symptoms, with a stepwise pattern of increased symptoms and it may also progress slowly, similar to AD
T or F: Immediate emergency medical treatment isn’t needed for clients with vascular dementia.
False, it is needed
What is involved in the medical management of vascular dementia?
treatment of cardiovascular factors (management of diabetes, high cholesterol and heart disease), pharmacotherapy to prevent future blood clots and in some cases, surgery to remove blockages in blood vessels.
What is the pathology for frontotemporal dementia?
neuronal, intranuclear inclusions
What are the clinical features of frontotemporal dementia?
progressive aphasia, corticobasal syndrome, or symptoms similar to AD or Parkinson’s disease
What is the course and prognosis of frontotemporal dementia?
immediate, distinct onset, progressive, varied symptom patterns among individuals
T or F: Medications have been developed to treat frontotemporal dementia
False, future research needed; medications currently in development
What is the pathology of Dementia with Lewy bodies?
Lewy body proteins present in the brain, usually predominant in the limbic or neocortical areas; overall decline in acetylcholine and dopamine levels
What are the clinical features of Dementia with Lewy bodies?
Progressive deficits in attention and executive function, memory impairment, fluctuation cognition, visual hallucinations, parkinsonism, autonomic dysfunction, and falls
What disorder is a possible prodromal symptom of Dementia with Lewy Bodies?
rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
What are some early disease symptoms of dementia with lewy bodies?
problems in exective function, visuospatial abilities, attention and memory function
What are some symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies over time?
aphasia, apraxia, and spatial disorientation
T or F: The course and prognosis of dementia with lewy bodies is gradual and insidious.
True
What does the medical management for dementia with lewy bodies involve?
It’s similar to that for AD, increased family involvement, safety assessment, neuroleptics, cholinesterase inhibitors
What is procedural memory?
recall of information on how to perform a task, such as knowing how to write or ride a bike
Which type of memory remains intact during the primary signs and symptoms of dementia?
procedural memory
What is recent memory?
recall of recent events
What type of memory is affected first for clients with dementia?
recent memory
What is personal episodic memory?
recall of time-related information about oneself, such as where and whether one ate breakfast
What is semantic memory?
The ability to remember the names of objects
What two types of memory show deficits during the primary signs and symptoms of dementia?
personal episodic memory and semantic memory
What is aphasia?
difficulty with expressive language, receptive language or both
What is apraxia?
loss of skilled, purposeful movements that cannot be attributed to either deficits in primary motor skills or problems in comprehension
What is the inability to recognize the importance of sensory impressions despite being able to recognize the elemental sensation of the stimulus?
agnosia
What is the disruption of the broad band of skills that allow a client to engage in independent, self-directed behavior including volition, planning, purposeful action and self-awareness?
disturbance in executive functioning
What are some cognitive deficits that are primary signs and symptoms of dementia?
aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, and disturbance in executive functioning
What is difficulty with topographic orientation?
orientation of the self within the environment
T or F: Individuals with dementia may experience poor judgement, anxiety and defensiveness, disinhibited behavior, psychotic symptoms and difficulty with spatial tasks
True
What are some motor deficits individuals with dementia show during their primary symptoms?
gait disturbances, hyperflexia, paratonia, and dysphagia