NCERT Flashcards

1
Q

types of mutation
eg

A

frame shift mutation : (deletion) or gain (duplication or insertion) of DNA segment

point mutation : change in sibgle bp of dna
eg - sickle cell anemia

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2
Q

chromosomal aberrations are commonly observed in

A

cancer cells

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3
Q

___ aberrations are commonly observed in cancer cells

A

chromosomal

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4
Q

mutagens
eg

A

chemical and physical factors that induce mutation
eg: uv radiation

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5
Q

chemical and physical factors that induce mutation are called ___

A

mutagens

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6
Q

NOTE

A

dna is the carrier of genetic info

ot is transmitted from one generation to another without any change or alteration

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7
Q

pedigree analysis
use

A

analysis of traits in several generations of a family, represented using a family tree

used to trace inheritance of specific trait, abnormality or disease

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8
Q

cystic fibrosis is a ___ disorder

A

mendelian

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9
Q

mendelian disorder?
eg?

A

alternation or mutation in a single gene

haemophilia, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, thalassemia, colour blindness

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10
Q

sex linked mendelian disorders

A

haemophilia
colour blindness

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11
Q

colour blindness reason and cause?
which sex chromosome is affected?
% in male and female

A

reason: defect in red and green cone of eye
cause: failure to differentiate btw red and green colours

some genes of X chromosome are affected

male: 8%
female: 0.4%

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12
Q

condition for colour blind son and daughter

A

colour blind son:
⬛mother X❌ and father XY
⬛mother is not colour blind as the X is the dominant normal gene
⬛son has 50% chance to be colour blind

colour blind daughter:
⬛mother X❌ and father ❌Y
⬛ daughter is colour blind

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13
Q

haemophilia reason and cause?
which sex chromosome is affected?
affect on me and female?
waa found in the pedigree of?

A

reason: single protein from a cascade of proteins involved in clotting of blood is affected
cause: simple cut = nonstop bleeding

x chromosome is affected

possibility of females becoming haemophilic is very rare

Queen Victoria

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14
Q

Queen Victoria was a carrier of

A

haemophilia

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15
Q

🟦 in pedigree analysis

A

male

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16
Q

🔵 in pedigree analysis

A

female

17
Q

🔷 in pedigree analysis

A

sex unspecified

18
Q

🟥🔴♦️ in pedigree analysis

A

affected individuals

19
Q

🟦-🔵 in pedigree analysis

A

mating

20
Q

🟦=🔵 in pedigree analysis

A

mating btw relatives

21
Q

sex determination type kn insects

A

XO

22
Q

XO type of sex determination is seen in

A

insects

23
Q

X chromosome was found by?
how did he find it?
what did he name it?

A

Henking

he observed them as special nuclear structure, during spermatogenesis 50% of only recieved them

X body

24
Q

sex determination in grasshopper?
male and female sex chromosomes?

A

XO type

male XO
female XX

25
Q

male heterogamety?
eg?

A

males can produce two types of gametes
insects, humans

26
Q

female heterogamety?
eg? chromosomes?

A

females produce two types of gametes

birds
female: ZW
male: ZZ

27
Q

number of autosome pairs?

A

23pairs of chromosomes

28
Q

NOTE

A

genetic makeup of sperm determines the sex of the child

29
Q

NOTE

A

the 22 autosomal pair of chromosomes are exactly same in both males and females

30
Q

sex determination in honeybee 🐝

A

haplodiploid sex determination - based on number of sets of chromosomes

sperm + egg = female bee /queen bee/worker bee DIPLOID 32
unfertilised egg - parthenogenesis = male bee /drone HAPLOID 16

31
Q

polygenic traits?
controlled by?

A

controlled by 3 or more genes

controlled by influence of environment