NCERT

Question 1

types of mutation
eg

Answer 1

frame shift mutation : (deletion) or gain (duplication or insertion) of DNA segment

point mutation : change in sibgle bp of dna
eg - sickle cell anemia

Question 2

chromosomal aberrations are commonly observed in

Answer 2

cancer cells

Question 3

___ aberrations are commonly observed in cancer cells

Answer 3

chromosomal

Question 4

mutagens
eg

Answer 4

chemical and physical factors that induce mutation
eg: uv radiation

Question 5

chemical and physical factors that induce mutation are called ___

Answer 5

mutagens

Question 6

NOTE

Answer 6

dna is the carrier of genetic info

ot is transmitted from one generation to another without any change or alteration

Question 7

pedigree analysis
use

Answer 7

analysis of traits in several generations of a family, represented using a family tree

used to trace inheritance of specific trait, abnormality or disease

Question 8

cystic fibrosis is a ___ disorder

Answer 8

mendelian

Question 9

mendelian disorder?
eg?

Answer 9

alternation or mutation in a single gene

haemophilia, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, thalassemia, colour blindness

Question 10

sex linked mendelian disorders

Answer 10

haemophilia
colour blindness

Question 11

colour blindness reason and cause?
which sex chromosome is affected?
% in male and female

Answer 11

reason: defect in red and green cone of eye
cause: failure to differentiate btw red and green colours

some genes of X chromosome are affected

male: 8%
female: 0.4%

Question 12

condition for colour blind son and daughter

Answer 12

colour blind son:
⬛mother X❌ and father XY
⬛mother is not colour blind as the X is the dominant normal gene
⬛son has 50% chance to be colour blind

colour blind daughter:
⬛mother X❌ and father ❌Y
⬛ daughter is colour blind

Question 13

haemophilia reason and cause?
which sex chromosome is affected?
affect on me and female?
waa found in the pedigree of?

Answer 13

reason: single protein from a cascade of proteins involved in clotting of blood is affected
cause: simple cut = nonstop bleeding

x chromosome is affected

possibility of females becoming haemophilic is very rare

Queen Victoria

Question 14

Queen Victoria was a carrier of

Answer 14

haemophilia

Question 15

🟦 in pedigree analysis

Answer 15

male

Question 16

🔵 in pedigree analysis

Answer 16

female

Question 17

🔷 in pedigree analysis

Answer 17

sex unspecified

Question 18

🟥🔴♦️ in pedigree analysis

Answer 18

affected individuals

Question 19

🟦-🔵 in pedigree analysis

Answer 19

mating

Question 20

🟦=🔵 in pedigree analysis

Answer 20

mating btw relatives

Question 21

sex determination type kn insects

Answer 21

XO

Question 22

XO type of sex determination is seen in

Answer 22

insects

Question 23

X chromosome was found by?
how did he find it?
what did he name it?

Answer 23

Henking

he observed them as special nuclear structure, during spermatogenesis 50% of only recieved them

X body

Question 24

sex determination in grasshopper?
male and female sex chromosomes?

Answer 24

XO type

male XO
female XX

Question 25

male heterogamety? eg?

Answer 25

males can produce two types of gametes insects, humans

Question 26

female heterogamety? eg? chromosomes?

Answer 26

females produce two types of gametes birds female: ZW male: ZZ

Question 27

number of autosome pairs?

Answer 27

23pairs of chromosomes

Question 28

NOTE

Answer 28

genetic makeup of sperm determines the sex of the child

Question 29

NOTE

Answer 29

the 22 autosomal pair of chromosomes are exactly same in both males and females

Question 30

sex determination in honeybee 🐝

Answer 30

haplodiploid sex determination - based on number of sets of chromosomes sperm + egg = female bee /queen bee/worker bee DIPLOID 32 unfertilised egg - parthenogenesis = male bee /drone HAPLOID 16

Question 31

polygenic traits? controlled by?

Answer 31

controlled by 3 or more genes controlled by influence of environment