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national counselor exam > nce flashcards > Flashcards

nce flashcards

1
Q

Front

A

Back

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2
Q

Accuracy

A

Match between the target population and the sample in survey research.

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3
Q

AB ABA Time-Series Design

A

Simplest type of single-subject research initially popularized by behavior modifiers in the 1960s and 1970s.

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4
Q

Apparency

A

Clear, understandable representation of data.

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5
Q

Bell Curve

A

A frequency distribution shaped like a bell (normal distribution).

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6
Q

Bivariate Tabular Analysis

A

Statistical method to analyze the relationship between two variables by organizing data into a table format.

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7
Q

Case Study

A

Collection and presentation of detailed information about a participant or small group.

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8
Q

Causal-Comparative Research

A

Research that identifies a cause-effect relationship between two or more groups.

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9
Q

Comparative Designs

A

Examine data trends to determine relationships in two established groups or datasets.

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10
Q

Control Group

A

Group in an experiment that receives no treatment to compare against the treated group.

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11
Q

Correlation

A

An association between two variables; positive or negative.

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12
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Correlation where both variables change in the same direction.

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13
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Correlation where variables are inversely associated.

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14
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

Descriptive statistic indicating the degree of a linear relationship between two variables.

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15
Q

Correlation Design

A

Research approach to examine the relationship between two or more variables.

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16
Q

Credibility

A

Trustworthiness and believability of study findings.

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17
Q

Data

A

Recorded observations, often numeric or textual.

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18
Q

Deductive

A

Reasoning from general principles to specific predictions or hypotheses.

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19
Q

Deductive Research

A

Research focused on testing a theory through hypothesis establishment.

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20
Q

Dependent Variable (DV)

A

Variable being measured or tested in an experiment.

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21
Q

Dependability

A

Accountability for changes in the study design or conditions surrounding it.

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22
Q

Design Flexibility

A

Ability to modify research methods or procedures during the study.

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23
Q

Deviation

A

Distance between the mean and a particular data point in a distribution.

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24
Q

Empirical Research

A

Research based on direct observation or experience rather than theory.

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25
Q

Variance Tests

A

Statistical methods to assess consistency in variability across groups or conditions.

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26
Q

68-95-99.7 Rule (Empirical Rule)

A

Statistical guideline describing approximate percentages of data in a normal distribution.

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27
Q

Experimental Research

A

Scientific method where researchers manipulate variables to observe effects on others.

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28
Q

External Validity

A

Extent to which findings and conclusions can be generalized beyond specific conditions of the study.

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29
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Statistical method to identify underlying patterns among a set of variables.

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30
Q

Factorial Experiment

A

Research design where multiple variables are manipulated simultaneously to observe combined effects.

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31
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative explanation to predict a causal relationship between variables.

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32
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

States there is no relationship between two variables.

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33
Q

Alternative Hypothesis

A

Specific relationship between two variables rejecting the null hypothesis.

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34
Q

Hypothesis Testing

A

Testing a hypothesis through the experimental model.

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35
Q

Independent Variable (IV)

A

Variable manipulated by the researcher.

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36
Q

Inductive

A

Formulating a generalized conclusion from particular instances.

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37
Q

Inductive Research

A

Approach where researchers start with specific observations and develop generalizations or theories.

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38
Q

Interviews

A

Research tool involving questions posed to participants for data collection.

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39
Q

Internal Validity

A

Extent to which a study accurately measures what it intends to.

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40
Q

Kinesics

A

Analysis examining communication through body movement.

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41
Q

Nominal

A

Categorical data classification with no inherent order or numerical value.

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42
Q

Ordinal

A

Categorical data classification where items are ranked or ordered.

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43
Q

Interval

A

Measurement describing variables with equally spaced intervals.

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44
Q

Ratio

A

Measurement scale where numbers represent quantities with a true zero point.

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45
Q

Mean

A

Average score within a distribution.

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46
Q

Mixed Methods Research

A

Combining qualitative and quantitative research methods within a single study.

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47
Q

Narrative Inquiry

A

Qualitative research based on a researcher’s narrative account.

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48
Q

Observation Study

A

Research where the participant(s) are observed in specific or natural settings.

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49
Q

Occam’s Razor

A

Simplest hypothesis should be preferred until proven otherwise.

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50
Q

Parameter

A

Numerical value describing a characteristic or feature of a population.

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51
Q

Percentage vs. Percentile

A

Percentage is a value out of 100; percentile is rank-ordering in a sample.

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52
Q

Phenomenology

A

Qualitative research concerned with understanding group behaviors from that group’s viewpoint.

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53
Q

Population

A

Target group under investigation in a study.

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54
Q

Probability

A

Likelihood or chance of an event occurring.

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55
Q

Qualitative Research Methods

A

Approaches to analyze non-numerical data for understanding social phenomena.

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56
Q

Quantitative Research Methods

A

Approaches to analyze numerical data for identifying patterns, relationships, or trends.

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57
Q

Mission of American Counseling Association

A

Promote the development of professional counselors and use counseling to enhance human dignity and diversity.

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58
Q

ACA Code of Ethics

A

Set of ethical guidelines that inform counselors’ professional conduct and decision-making.

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59
Q

Client Welfare

A

Priority for counselors to promote clients’ mental health and growth.

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60
Q

Confidentiality

A

Maintenance of privacy for client information, except under specific legal or ethical conditions.

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61
Q

Informed Consent

A

Requirement for counselors to obtain clients’ understanding and agreement before beginning therapy.

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62
Q

Cultural Sensitivity

A

Counselors’ ability to respect and integrate clients’ cultural backgrounds into counseling practices.

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63
Q

Professional Boundaries

A

Maintaining appropriate professional relationships without personal conflicts.

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64
Q

Competence

A

Maintaining high standards of professional knowledge and skills through ongoing education.

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65
Q

Ethical Decision-Making

A

Process of considering ethical principles and potential consequences in making professional decisions.

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66
Q

Legal and Ethical Compliance

A

Counselors’ adherence to laws, regulations, and ethical standards governing their practice.

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67
Q

Dual Relationships

A

Avoidance of multiple relationships with clients that could impair professional judgment or increase the risk of harm.

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68
Q

Self-Care

A

Prioritization of counselors’ personal well-being to maintain effective practice.

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69
Q

Supervision and Consultation

A

Engagement in professional supervision to ensure quality and appropriateness of counseling services.

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70
Q

Research and Publication

A

Adherence to ethical standards in conducting and reporting research.

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71
Q

Social Responsibility

A

Advocacy for social justice and challenging systemic barriers affecting client welfare.

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72
Q

Professional Integrity

A

Upholding honesty and transparency in professional relationships and public interactions.

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73
Q

Termination and Referral

A

Proper termination of counseling relationships and referrals to ensure continuity of care.

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74
Q

Values of Counseling

A

Embrace diversity, promote social justice, and practice ethically to enhance human development.

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75
Q

Foundational Principles for Ethical Behavior

A

Autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, equality, fidelity, and veracity.

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76
Q

Social Media Policies

A

Guidelines on counselors’ interactions with clients on social media to protect privacy.

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77
Q

Tarasoff Warnings

A

Duty of counselors to warn individuals of credible threats from clients.

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78
Q

Pro Bono Work

A

Providing counseling services for free or at a reduced fee to support community welfare.

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79
Q

Fee Splitting

A

Ethical considerations around sharing fees for referrals, deemed unethical.

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80
Q

Bartering

A

Consideration of cultural factors and potential for harm when exchanging goods or services for counseling.

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81
Q

Gifts from Clients

A

Handling small gifts from clients considering cultural implications and potential impacts on the relationship.

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82
Q

Ethical Consultations

A

Seeking advice in complex ethical situations to ensure decision integrity.

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83
Q

Distance Counseling

A

Conducting counseling through electronic means, adhering to legal standards and informed consent.

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84
Q

Encryption

A

Protecting electronic communications through coding to ensure privacy and confidentiality.

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85
Q

Website Compliance

A

Maintaining links to licensing and certification boards on professional websites.

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86
Q

Public Health Information (PHI)

A

Handling client health information securely, adhering to confidentiality laws.

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87
Q

Professional Counseling Orientation

A

Approaches and practices that define the professional conduct of counselors.

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88
Q

Autonomy in Counseling

A

Respecting clients’ rights to make decisions about their own lives.

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89
Q

Beneficence in Counseling

A

Acting for the benefit of clients and society while avoiding harm.

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90
Q

Justice in Counseling

A

Ensuring fair and equitable treatment of all clients without discrimination.

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91
Q

Fidelity in Counseling

A

Maintaining trust and confidentiality in professional relationships.

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92
Q

Veracity in Counseling

A

Commitment to truthfulness and accuracy in client interactions.

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93
Q

Ethical Decision-Making Model

A

A framework used by counselors to make ethical choices.

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94
Q

Client Records Management

A

Maintaining accurate and confidential records of counseling sessions.

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95
Q

Duty to Warn and Protect

A

Ethical obligation to disclose confidential information if there is a risk of serious harm.

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96
Q

Counselor Competence Requirement

A

Requirement for counselors to practice within their areas of training and expertise.

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97
Q

Ethical Compliance in Research

A

Adherence to ethical guidelines in conducting counseling research.

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98
Q

Boundary Issues

A

Managing professional boundaries to prevent conflicts of interest and unethical behavior.

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99
Q

Informed Consent in Counseling

A

Clients’ right to be informed about the counseling process and their rights.

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100
Q

Confidentiality Breaches

A

Unauthorized disclosure of client information and its ethical implications.

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101
Q

Mandatory Reporting

A

Requirement to report abuse or threats as mandated by law.

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102
Q

Teletherapy Guidelines

A

Standards for conducting therapy through digital or remote means.

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103
Q

Client Advocacy

A

Promoting clients’ interests and rights within the counseling process.

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104
Q

Cultural Competence in Counseling

A

Ability to understand, respect, and integrate clients’ cultural backgrounds.

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105
Q

Professional Development

A

Continuous learning and training to enhance counseling skills and knowledge.

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106
Q

Carl Jung

A

Founder of analytical psychology, known for concepts like the collective unconscious and archetypes.

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107
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

Common psychological reservoir of experiences shared by all humans.

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108
Q

Archetypes

A

Universal, mythic characters within the collective unconscious; common themes in the world’s cultures.

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109
Q

Persona

A

The mask or public face an individual presents to the world.

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110
Q

Shadow

A

Hidden or unconscious aspects of oneself, both negative and positive.

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111
Q

Anima and Animus

A

The feminine and masculine dimensions of a person’s personality.

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112
Q

Individuation

A

The process of integrating various parts of the psyche to become whole and self-realized.

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113
Q

Synchronicity

A

Meaningful coincidences that occur with no causal relationship yet seem to have a significant connection.

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114
Q

Psychological Types

A

Jung’s theory that people can be categorized by their psychological functions.

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115
Q

Persona Shadow Integration

A

Integrating the persona with the shadow to achieve a true representation of the self.

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116
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Father of psychoanalysis, developed theories of the unconscious mind and psychosexual development stages.

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117
Q

Id, Ego, Superego

A

Three parts of the psyche: id is instinctual, ego is realistic, and superego is moral.

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118
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A

Freud’s stages of childhood development focused on erogenous zones.

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119
Q

Oral Stage

A

The first psychosexual stage, focusing on oral activities as a source of pleasure.

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120
Q

Anal Stage

A

The second stage, focusing on bowel and bladder elimination and control.

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121
Q

Phallic Stage

A

The third stage, focusing on the genitals and the differences between males and females.

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122
Q

Latency Stage

A

The fourth stage, a period of diminished sexual interest and development of social and intellectual skills.

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123
Q

Genital Stage

A

The final stage, beginning in puberty, where sexual interests mature.

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124
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Developed the theory of psychosocial development across eight stages.

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125
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

The first stage, where infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers.

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126
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A

The second stage, where toddlers develop independence or feel shame about their failures.

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127
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt

A

The third stage, where preschoolers learn to initiate activities or feel guilty about their efforts.

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128
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A

The fourth stage, where school-aged children learn to feel industrious or inferior.

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129
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A

The fifth stage, where adolescents explore their identity or become confused about their role.

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130
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A

The sixth stage, where young adults form intimate relationships or feel isolated.

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131
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation

A

The seventh stage, where middle-aged adults contribute to the next generation or stagnate.

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132
Q

Integrity vs. Despair

A

The final stage, where older adults reflect on their life with a sense of integrity or despair.

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133
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Known for his theory of cognitive development, describing how children construct a mental model of the world.

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134
Q

Schema

A

Mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.

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135
Q

Assimilation

A

The process by which new information is incorporated into existing schemas.

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136
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which schemas are modified to incorporate new information.

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137
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

The first stage of Piaget’s theory, where infants learn through physical interaction with their environment.

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138
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

The second stage, where children begin to think symbolically but lack logical reasoning.

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139
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

The third stage, where children gain the ability to think logically about concrete events.

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140
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

The fourth stage, where adolescents begin to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems.

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141
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Known for sociocultural theory, emphasizing the influence of social interaction on cognitive development.

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142
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance.

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143
Q

Scaffolding

A

Temporary support given to a learner that is tailored to their needs, allowing them to achieve difficult tasks.

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144
Q

Social Interaction

A

Central to Vygotsky’s theory, where cognitive development is seen as a result of social interactions.

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145
Q

Cultural Tools

A

Tools of intellectual adaptation, allowing the child to use the cultural inventions of the society.

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146
Q

Private Speech

A

Self-directed speech by children that guides their thinking and action.

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147
Q

Internalization

A

The process of learning (and thereby internalizing) the values, beliefs, and problem-solving strategies of one’s culture.

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148
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Known for her work on attachment theory, particularly the development of the “Strange Situation” procedure.

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149
Q

Strange Situation

A

A structured observation used to assess attachment relationships between a caregiver and child.

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150
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Attachment style characterized by trust and a balance of dependence and exploration.

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151
Q

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment

A

Attachment style where the child shows indifference or avoidance of the caregiver.

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152
Q

Insecure-Resistant Attachment

A

Attachment style where the child shows anxiety and uncertainty in the relationship.

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153
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

Attachment style characterized by disorientation and lack of clear attachment behavior.

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154
Q

Attachment Theory

A

A theory that describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans.

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155
Q

Urie Bronfenbrenner

A

Developed ecological systems theory to explain how the inherent qualities of a child and their environment interact to influence how they grow and develop.

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156
Q

Ecological Systems Theory

A

Theory that highlights the multiple layers of environment that influence individual development.

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157
Q

Microsystem

A

Layer closest to the individual, containing structures with direct contact with the person.

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158
Q

Mesosystem

A

Interactions between the microsystems in an individual’s life.

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159
Q

Exosystem

A

External environmental settings that only indirectly affect development.

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160
Q

Macrosystem

A

The larger cultural context.

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161
Q

Chronosystem

A

Environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances.

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162
Q

ACA Code of Ethics

A

Guidelines that ensure the ethical and professional conduct of counselors.

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163
Q

Client Rights

A

The rights of clients to be treated with dignity, confidentiality, and respect during counseling.

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164
Q

Confidentiality

A

The ethical obligation to protect client information from unauthorized disclosure.

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165
Q

Dual Relationships

A

Ethical concern about relationships where the counselor has multiple, potentially conflicting roles with a client.

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166
Q

Informed Consent

A

The process of explaining the counseling procedure and obtaining agreement from clients before proceeding.

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167
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

Ethical principle obligating counselors to do no harm to clients.

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168
Q

Beneficence

A

Ethical principle obligating counselors to contribute to the welfare of clients.

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169
Q

Autonomy

A

The right of clients to make decisions about their own treatment.

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170
Q

Justice

A

Ethical principle obligating counselors to treat all clients fairly and equitably.

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171
Q

Fidelity

A

Ethical principle requiring counselors to be trustworthy and to maintain loyalty to clients.

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172
Q

Ethical Decision-Making

A

Process used by counselors to evaluate decisions from an ethical standpoint.

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173
Q

Boundary Issues

A

Concerns about the appropriate limits that should exist in the counselor-client relationship.

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174
Q

Professional Competence

A

The necessity for counselors to maintain sufficient knowledge and skills in their practice.

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175
Q

Supervision

A

Ethical and professional requirement for less experienced counselors to receive guidance from experienced professionals.

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176
Q

Cultural Competence

A

The ability and willingness to understand, respect, and accommodate clients’ cultural beliefs and practices.

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177
Q

Social Justice

A

An ethical obligation to advocate for fair treatment of all individuals, particularly those who have been marginalized.

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178
Q

Legal Compliance

A

The requirement for counselors to adhere to local, state, and federal laws affecting their practice.

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179
Q

Privacy Laws

A

Regulations that protect the privacy of individuals and sensitive information.

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180
Q

Ethics Training

A

Training provided to ensure counselors understand and can implement ethical standards in their practice.

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181
Q

Licensure Requirements

A

Standards set by states that professionals must meet to be licensed to practice counseling.

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182
Q

Continuing Education

A

Programs required for counselors to maintain their licenses, ensuring they stay updated on professional practices.

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183
Q

Risk Management

A

Strategies employed by counselors to minimize legal and ethical risks.

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184
Q

Crisis Intervention

A

The ethical obligation to provide immediate support and services during a crisis or emergency situation.

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185
Q

Record Keeping

A

The requirement to maintain accurate and secure records of client interactions and sessions.

186
Q

Client Advocacy

A

Supporting clients’ needs and rights within the counseling process and in broader societal contexts.

187
Q

Conflicts of Interest

A

Situations in which professional judgments or actions regarding a primary interest could be influenced by a secondary interest.

188
Q

Professional Boundaries

A

Maintaining clear and appropriate limits in relationships with clients.

189
Q

Mandated Reporting

A

The legal obligation to report certain conditions, such as abuse, to authorities.

190
Q

Ethical Breeches

A

Instances where counselors violate ethical standards.

191
Q

License Revocation

A

The possible consequence for a counselor who severely breaches ethical or legal standards.

192
Q

Scope of Practice

A

The range of responsibilities and practices that a counselor is allowed to undertake according to their qualifications.

193
Q

Client Welfare

A

Ethical principle prioritizing the health, well-being, and safety of clients.

194
Q

Termination and Referral

A

Ethical considerations regarding appropriately ending the counselor-client relationship or referring clients to other professionals.

195
Q

Counselor Self-Care

A

The responsibility of counselors to take care of their own mental and emotional health.

196
Q

Legal Obligations in Counseling

A

The legal responsibilities that counselors have to their clients and the profession.

197
Q

Ethical Guidelines

A

Codes of conduct that guide the behavior and decision-making of counselors.

198
Q

Duty to Warn

A

Requirement to inform third parties or authorities if a client poses a risk of danger to themselves or others.

199
Q

Teletherapy

A

Providing therapy through electronic communications, which includes specific ethical and legal considerations.

200
Q

Digital Ethics

A

Ethical considerations related to the use of digital tools and platforms in counseling.

201
Q

Virtual Confidentiality

A

Maintaining client confidentiality in virtual or online counseling sessions.

202
Q

Ethical Standards for Research

A

Requirements for conducting research ethically in the counseling field.

203
Q

Patient Rights in Therapy

A

Legal and ethical rights held by clients in a therapeutic setting.

204
Q

Professional Ethics in Counseling

A

The ethical standards that guide professional behavior and clinical practice in counseling.

205
Q

Consent for Minors

A

Special considerations and legal requirements for obtaining consent from minors in therapy.

206
Q

HIPAA Compliance

A

Adhering to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act standards for protecting patient information.

207
Q

Counselor Accountability

A

The responsibility of counselors to their clients, the public, and the profession.

208
Q

Public Statements

A

Ethical considerations regarding public communications made by counselors.

209
Q

Social Media and Ethics

A

Ethical considerations for counselors’ use of social media in a professional context.

210
Q

Documentation Standards

A

Ethical and legal requirements for documenting counseling sessions and client interactions.

211
Q

Ethical Consultation

A

Seeking guidance from ethics committees or senior professionals regarding complex ethical dilemmas.

212
Q

Exploratory Data Analysis

A

An approach in statistics used to analyze data sets to summarize their main characteristics, often with visual methods.

213
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Statistical techniques that describe or summarize data features, including central tendency, dispersion, and shape of the dataset.

214
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

The process of using data analysis to infer properties of an underlying probability distribution.

215
Q

Standard Error

A

A measure of the statistical accuracy of an estimate, calculated as the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.

216
Q

Regression Analysis

A

A set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables.

217
Q

Simple Linear Regression

A

A method to determine the straight-line relationship between two variables.

218
Q

Multiple Regression

A

A statistical technique that uses several explanatory variables to predict the outcome of a response variable.

219
Q

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

A

A collection of statistical models used to analyze the differences among group means in a sample.

220
Q

Covariance

A

A measure of the joint variability of two random variables.

221
Q

T-test

A

A type of inferential statistic used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups.

222
Q

Chi-Square Test

A

A statistical test applied to sets of categorical data to evaluate how likely it is that any observed difference between the sets arose by chance.

223
Q

P-value

A

The probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the results actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.

224
Q

Confidence Interval

A

A range of values so defined that there is a specified probability that the value of a parameter lies within it.

225
Q

Histogram

A

A graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data.

226
Q

Scatter Plot

A

A type of plot or mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for typically two variables for a set of data.

227
Q

Biostatistics

A

The application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology.

228
Q

Psychometrics

A

The science of measuring mental capacities and processes.

229
Q

Epidemiology Studies

A

Research that studies the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations.

230
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

A research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables over short or long periods of time.

231
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A

A study that analyzes data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time.

232
Q

Cohort Study

A

A study design where one or more samples (cohorts) are followed prospectively and subsequent status evaluations with respect to a disease or outcome are conducted to determine which initial participants exposed to a risk or treatment factor develop the outcome.

233
Q

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

A

A study design that randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or a control group.

234
Q

Blinding/Masking

A

A trial design to prevent the parties involved (participants, researchers, assessors) from knowing the intervention assigned to each participant.

235
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

A statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies.

236
Q

Systematic Review

A

A form of meta-analysis focused on a research question that tries to identify, appraise, select, and synthesize all high-quality research evidence relevant to that question.

237
Q

Survival Analysis

A

A branch of statistics that analyzes the expected duration until one or more events happen.

238
Q

Time-Series Analysis

A

A statistical technique that deals with time series data, or trend analysis.

239
Q

Factorial Design

A

A type of experimental design that involves two or more variables, allowing researchers to study the interaction effects among treatments.

240
Q

Cluster Sampling

A

A sampling technique used when “natural” but heterogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population.

241
Q

Stratified Sampling

A

The process of dividing members of the population into homogeneous subgroups before sampling.

242
Q

Simple Random Sampling

A

A subset of a statistical population in which each member of the subset has an equal probability of being chosen.

243
Q

Systematic Sampling

A

A statistical method involving the selection of elements from an ordered sampling frame.

244
Q

Sampling Error

A

The error caused by observing a sample instead of the whole population.

245
Q

Data Normalization

A

The process of organizing data to minimize redundancy.

246
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Numerical data.

247
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Descriptive data which can be observed but not measured.

248
Q

Mixed-Methods

A

Data collection, analysis, and integration of both quantitative data and qualitative data.

249
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which a result (of a measurement or study) is likely to be true and free of bias.

250
Q

Reliability

A

The overall consistency of a measure. A measure is said to have high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions.

251
Q

Outliers

A

An observation point that is distant from other observations.

252
Q

Multivariate Analysis

A

Statistical procedure for analysis of data involving more than one type of variable.

253
Q

Non-Parametric Tests

A

Statistical tests that do not assume our data follow a specific distribution.

254
Q

Parametric Tests

A

Statistical tests based on assumptions about the population parameters and the distributions that the data come from.

255
Q

Monte Carlo Simulation

A

A broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results.

256
Q

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)

A

The procedure of choice for hypothesis testing in many scientific experiments.

257
Q

Bayesian Statistics

A

A theory in the field of statistics based on the Bayesian interpretation of probability where probability expresses a degree of belief in an event.

258
Q

Data Science

A

The science of analyzing raw data using statistics and machine learning to draw conclusions about that information.

259
Q

Big Data

A

Extremely large data sets that may be analyzed computationally to reveal patterns, trends, and associations.

260
Q

Machine Learning

A

A type of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows software applications to become more accurate at predicting outcomes without being explicitly programmed.

261
Q

Data Mining

A

The practice of examining large databases in order to generate new information.

262
Q

Confidentiality Exceptions

A

Circumstances under which client confidentiality may be breached, such as threats of harm to self or others.

263
Q

Informed Assent

A

Obtaining agreement from clients who cannot legally provide informed consent, such as minors.

264
Q

Ethical Consultation

A

Seeking guidance from colleagues or ethics committees when faced with complex ethical dilemmas.

265
Q

Competence in Supervision

A

Maintaining high standards of supervision to enhance the quality of counseling services.

266
Q

Supervisee Responsibilities

A

Obligations of supervisees, including providing accurate information and seeking guidance.

267
Q

Gatekeeping Role

A

The responsibility of supervisors to assess the competence of supervisees entering the counseling profession.

268
Q

Multicultural Counseling

A

Integrating awareness, knowledge, and skills regarding cultural diversity into counseling practice.

269
Q

Privilege and Oppression

A

The dynamics that create and sustain inequity in counseling practices and societal structures.

270
Q

Social Advocacy

A

Efforts to promote systemic changes to eliminate barriers and support marginalized populations.

271
Q

Client Dependency

A

Avoiding fostering an unhealthy dependence on the counselor in the therapeutic relationship.

272
Q

Self-Disclosure

A

When and how much the counselor shares personal information with the client.

273
Q

Ethical Competence

A

Being aware of and able to apply ethical standards effectively.

274
Q

Record Keeping Guidelines

A

Ethical and legal requirements for maintaining accurate client records.

275
Q

Continuity of Care

A

The obligation to ensure clients receive uninterrupted care when transitioning to a new counselor.

276
Q

Duty to Protect

A

Counselors’ ethical responsibility to protect clients from foreseeable harm.

277
Q

Tarasoff Case

A

Legal precedent emphasizing the counselor’s duty to warn and protect potential victims.

278
Q

HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)

A

Federal law protecting the privacy of individuals’ health information.

279
Q

FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act)

A

Legislation that protects the privacy of student educational records.

280
Q

Electronic Health Records

A

Digital versions of clients’ health records, subject to confidentiality and security regulations.

281
Q

Pro Bono Counseling

A

Offering counseling services for free or at reduced rates to clients in need.

282
Q

Sliding Fee Scale

A

Adjusting counseling fees based on clients’ income and ability to pay.

283
Q

Competence in Research

A

Ensuring ethical and accurate conduct of counseling research.

284
Q

Research Participant Rights

A

Protecting the rights and welfare of participants involved in research studies.

285
Q

Ethical Publication

A

Adhering to ethical guidelines when disseminating counseling research results.

286
Q

Informed Consent in Research

A

Obtaining consent from research participants by providing information about study risks and benefits.

287
Q

Social Media Policies

A

Guidelines for counselors on appropriate use of social media to maintain professional boundaries.

288
Q

Electronic Storage Procedures

A

Securely storing electronic records while protecting client confidentiality.

289
Q

Client Verification in Distance Counseling

A

Verifying the identity of clients in online counseling sessions.

290
Q

Cultural Adaptation

A

Adjusting counseling practices to accommodate clients’ cultural beliefs and practices.

291
Q

Spiritual Competence

A

Understanding and respecting clients’ spiritual beliefs and integrating them into therapy.

292
Q

Burnout

A

Physical and emotional exhaustion resulting from prolonged stress in counseling work.

293
Q

Secondary Trauma

A

Emotional duress experienced by counselors due to exposure to clients’ traumatic experiences.

294
Q

Impaired Professionalism

A

When personal issues prevent a counselor from providing effective and ethical services.

295
Q

Wellness Model in Counseling

A

Promoting holistic well-being through counseling practices focused on clients’ strengths.

296
Q

Counseling Research Ethics

A

Ethical standards for the design, conduct, and dissemination of counseling research.

297
Q

Ethics Committees

A

Bodies responsible for reviewing ethical complaints and enforcing professional standards.

298
Q

Managed Care in Counseling

A

Providing mental health services through insurance plans, often with ethical considerations.

299
Q

Referral Guidelines

A

Ethical standards for referring clients to other professionals or resources.

300
Q

Competence in Specialty Areas

A

Ensuring adequate training and knowledge before providing specialized counseling services.

301
Q

Boundary Violations

A

Deliberate breaches of professional boundaries that harm clients.

302
Q

Boundary Crossings

A

Occasional deviations from professional boundaries that may or may not be harmful.

303
Q

Continuing Education Ethics

A

Engaging in ongoing education to maintain competence and ethical practice.

304
Q

Counselor-Client Sexual Misconduct

A

Ethical guidelines prohibiting sexual relationships with clients.

305
Q

Distance Counseling Ethics

A

Ethical considerations unique to providing counseling via electronic means.

306
Q

Multiple Relationships

A

Ethical challenges arising when counselors have other relationships with their clients.

307
Q

Client Records Access

A

Clients’ right to access their counseling records, subject to ethical and legal limitations.

308
Q

Conflict of Interest Situations

A

Situations where personal interests might conflict with professional responsibilities.

309
Q

Ethical Issues in Assessment

A

Ensuring assessment tools are used ethically and appropriately for clients.

310
Q

Client-Therapist Matching

A

Ensuring the therapeutic relationship is suitable to meet the client’s needs.

311
Q

Substance Use Disorders in Counseling

A

Ethical and legal considerations when treating clients with substance use issues.

312
Q

Group Therapy Ethics

A

Upholding ethical standards in the group therapy setting.

313
Q

Counseling Techniques

A

Diverse strategies and methods used by counselors to help clients achieve their goals.

314
Q

Group Counseling

A

A counseling approach where multiple clients participate in a session together, promoting peer interaction and support.

315
Q

Play Therapy

A

A counseling method that uses play to communicate with and help clients, particularly children, to express their feelings.

316
Q

Art Therapy

A

A form of psychotherapy involving the encouragement of free self-expression through painting, drawing, or modeling.

317
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A

A psycho-social intervention aiming to improve mental health by challenging and changing unhelped thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes.

318
Q

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

A

A comprehensive mental health and substance abuse treatment program that emphasizes the psychosocial aspects of treatment.

319
Q

Narrative Therapy

A

A therapeutic approach that encourages patients to rely on their own skills to minimize problems that exist in their lives.

320
Q

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)

A

A goal-directed collaborative approach to psychotherapeutic change that is conducted through direct observation of clients’ responses to a series of precisely constructed questions.

321
Q

Existential Therapy

A

A form of psychotherapy that aims to explore difficulties from a philosophical perspective, focusing on the human condition as a whole.

322
Q

Humanistic Therapy

A

A therapeutic approach focusing on self-development, growth, and responsibilities.

323
Q

Family Systems Therapy

A

A branch of psychotherapy that works with families and couples to nurture change and development.

324
Q

Therapeutic Alliance

A

The relationship between a healthcare professional and a client.

325
Q

Confidentiality in Group Settings

A

Handling privacy concerns when conducting therapy with multiple clients.

326
Q

In-session Note-Taking

A

The practice of writing down relevant notes during a counseling session.

327
Q

Telehealth Counseling

A

Providing counseling services through telecommunications technology, such as video calls.

328
Q

Online Therapy Platforms

A

Websites and applications that facilitate the provision of therapy services over the internet.

329
Q

Counseling Outcome Measures

A

Tools and methods used to assess the effectiveness of counseling interventions.

330
Q

Client-Centered Therapy

A

A non-directive form of talk therapy emphasizing the client’s capacity for self-direction and understanding of their own development.

331
Q

Gestalt Therapy

A

A form of psychotherapy that emphasizes personal responsibility and focuses on the individual’s experience in the present moment.

332
Q

Trauma-Informed Care

A

A therapeutic approach that recognizes and responds to the effects of all types of trauma.

333
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

A set of theories and therapeutic techniques that deal in part with the unconscious mind, and which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders.

334
Q

Sex Therapy

A

Therapy focusing on concerns about sexual function, sexual feelings, and intimacy.

335
Q

Addiction Counseling

A

A specialty within professional counseling that deals with evaluating and treating individuals with addiction issues.

336
Q

Marriage Counseling

A

A type of psychotherapy for married couples or established partners that typically aims to resolve problems and improve their relationship.

337
Q

Clinical Supervision

A

The practice where more experienced professionals oversee the work of less experienced staff.

338
Q

Burnout Prevention

A

Strategies to prevent the exhaustion and loss of interest that can occur from the demands of the profession.

339
Q

Self-disclosure

A

Practice of therapists sharing their own personal views or experience with a client with the intention of improving the therapeutic alliance.

340
Q

Boundaries in Therapy

A

Clear set boundaries between therapists and clients that ensure a safe and professional relationship.

341
Q

Ethical Advertising

A

Advertising that adheres to ethical guidelines to ensure honesty and integrity.

342
Q

Referral Processes

A

Processes involved in directing a client to another professional or service for additional support.

343
Q

Documentation in Therapy

A

Keeping accurate and comprehensive notes on client sessions and progress.

344
Q

Suicide Risk Assessment

A

Tools and strategies used to evaluate the risk of suicide in individuals.

345
Q

Crisis Management Techniques

A

Techniques used to help clients deal with sudden and significant negative events.

346
Q

Therapeutic Models

A

Conceptual models that guide the approaches therapists use to understand clients and their problems.

347
Q

Preventative Counseling

A

Interventions aimed at preventing psychological problems before they become severe.

348
Q

Counselor Education and Training

A

Programs and courses aimed at preparing individuals for a career in counseling.

349
Q

Licensing Exams

A

Standardized exams that counselors must pass to obtain a license to practice.

350
Q

Professional Development Workshops

A

Workshops aimed at continuing the education and skill development of professionals.

351
Q

Therapeutic Ethics

A

The study of ethical issues emerging from the therapy practices.

352
Q

Client Assessment Techniques

A

Techniques used to evaluate the mental, emotional, and behavioral conditions of clients.

353
Q

Interprofessional Collaboration

A

Working cooperatively with professionals from other disciplines.

354
Q

Accreditation of Counseling Programs

A

Certification process that ensures counseling programs meet certain standards of quality.

355
Q

Legal Responsibilities of Counselors

A

Legal obligations that counselors have in their professional practice.

356
Q

Professional Counseling Associations

A

Organizations that support the development and interests of the counseling profession.

357
Q

Peer Consultation

A

Process of consulting with peers on issues of concern in the practice of counseling.

358
Q

Counseling Research

A

Methodological study of counseling practices and outcomes.

359
Q

Counseling Interventions

A

Specific strategies used to address various mental health issues.

360
Q

Substance Abuse Counseling

A

Specialty counseling aimed at helping individuals struggling with addiction or substance abuse

361
Q

Urie Bronfenbrenner

A

Developer of ecological systems theory, emphasizing the importance of multiple environmental systems on development.

362
Q

Microsystem

A

The immediate environment, including family, school, and peer group, that directly influences an individual.

363
Q

Mesosystem

A

Interactions between the microsystems in an individual’s life.

364
Q

Exosystem

A

External settings that indirectly influence an individual’s development (e.g., parent’s workplace).

365
Q

Macrosystem

A

Larger societal and cultural context influencing all layers of the ecological system.

366
Q

Chronosystem

A

Transitions and shifts in one’s lifespan and the sociohistorical context.

367
Q

John Bowlby

A

Founder of attachment theory, emphasizing the importance of early attachment relationships.

368
Q

Attachment Styles

A

Different ways individuals emotionally connect with others, developed based on early caregiving experiences.

369
Q

Secure Base

A

The role of a caregiver as a base from which an infant can explore their environment.

370
Q

Internal Working Model

A

Mental representations of oneself and relationships, formed based on early attachment experiences.

371
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Developed the “Strange Situation” procedure and identified key attachment styles.

372
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

A rare attachment style characterized by contradictory behaviors and a lack of a clear attachment pattern.

373
Q

James Marcia

A

Expanded on Erikson’s identity development theory by proposing four identity statuses.

374
Q

Identity Achievement

A

Status where individuals have explored options and made firm commitments.

375
Q

Identity Moratorium

A

Status where individuals are actively exploring different identity options but haven’t made commitments.

376
Q

Identity Foreclosure

A

Status where individuals have made commitments without exploring different options.

377
Q

Identity Diffusion

A

Status where individuals lack direction and have not explored options or made commitments.

378
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

Known for his theory of stages of moral development, emphasizing justice-based reasoning.

379
Q

Preconventional Morality

A

First level of moral development where individuals make decisions based on rewards and punishments.

380
Q

Conventional Morality

A

Second level where individuals conform to societal expectations and laws.

381
Q

Postconventional Morality

A

Third level where moral reasoning is based on ethical principles and values.

382
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

Critiqued Kohlberg’s theory by emphasizing a care-based approach to moral development.

383
Q

Ethic of Care

A

An alternative approach to moral development emphasizing relationships and care for others.

384
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Developer of social learning theory, emphasizing the role of observational learning.

385
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

Concept that behavior, environment, and personal factors influence each other bidirectionally.

386
Q

Bobo Doll Experiment

A

Classic study demonstrating children’s imitation of aggressive behavior after observing adults.

387
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

One’s belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish tasks.

388
Q

Self-Regulation

A

Ability to monitor and control one’s behavior, thoughts, and emotions.

389
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Developer of sociocultural theory, emphasizing the influence of social interaction on cognitive development.

390
Q

Cultural Mediation

A

Use of cultural tools, including language, to mediate and transform mental activities.

391
Q

Private Speech

A

Self-directed speech that children use to guide their behavior, eventually internalized as inner speech.

392
Q

Edward Lorenz

A

Known for chaos theory, highlighting the sensitivity of complex systems to initial conditions.

393
Q

Chaos Theory

A

Study of complex systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions.

394
Q

Daniel Levinson

A

Developer of the Four Major Eras/Transition theory focusing on adult development.

395
Q

Seasons of a Man’s Life

A

Levinson’s theory that adult development occurs in stages marked by developmental tasks and transitions.

396
Q

Early Adult Transition (17-22)

A

Period involving leaving adolescence and starting adulthood.

397
Q

Middle Adult Transition (40-45)

A

Period involving reevaluation and potential changes in life structure.

398
Q

Late Adult Transition (60-65)

A

Period involving preparation for retirement and later adulthood.

399
Q

Harry Stack Sullivan

A

Developer of interpersonal theory emphasizing the role of social relationships in personality development.

400
Q

Interpersonal Theory

A

Focuses on how interpersonal relationships and social interactions shape personality and behavior.

401
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Founder of Adlerian theory emphasizing holistic development and striving for goals.

402
Q

Adlerian Theory

A

Approach to therapy that emphasizes overcoming feelings of inferiority and gaining social interest.

403
Q

Inferiority Complex

A

Feelings of inadequacy stemming from perceived physical or psychological shortcomings.

404
Q

Striving for Superiority

A

Adler’s concept that individuals are motivated by efforts to achieve competence and mastery.

405
Q

Life Tasks

A

Tasks that individuals must accomplish to achieve satisfaction in life.

406
Q

Nancy Chodorow

A

Known for her feminist theory emphasizing the role of mothering in personality development.

407
Q

Judith Butler

A

Notable feminist theorist known for her work on gender identity and performativity.

408
Q

Gender Performativity

A

Idea that gender is not inherent but is constructed and maintained through repeated behaviors.

409
Q

Linda Carli

A

Researcher known for her work on social role theory and gender differences.

410
Q

Social Role Theory

A

Examines how societal expectations influence behavior and development within social roles.

411
Q

Developmental Psychopathology

A

Study of the development of psychological disorders, integrating multiple theoretical perspectives.

412
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

Study of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

413
Q

Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

A

Study of how evolutionary principles help explain human development.

414
Q

Developmental Tasks

A

Challenges that individuals must navigate to successfully develop across life stages.

415
Q

Ethical Frameworks

A

Conceptual structures used to analyze and resolve ethical issues in counseling.

416
Q

Professional Ethics Codes

A

Codes of conduct that outline the ethical responsibilities of professionals within counseling.

417
Q

Ethical Principles in Counseling

A

Fundamental values such as autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and fidelity guiding counselors.

418
Q

Moral Dilemmas in Counseling

A

Situations in which a counselor faces conflicting ethical decisions.

419
Q

Confidentiality Breaches

A

Issues involving unauthorized disclosure of client information.

420
Q

Informed Consent in Research

A

Ethical requirement to inform research participants about the nature of the study and obtain their voluntary consent.

421
Q

Ethical Issues in Teletherapy

A

Specific ethical considerations related to providing therapy through electronic means.

422
Q

Counselor’s Duty of Care

A

Legal and ethical obligation to act in the best interest of clients and avoid causing harm.

423
Q

Boundary Management

A

Strategies to maintain professional and ethical boundaries with clients.

424
Q

Professional Liability

A

Issues related to legal responsibilities and potential liabilities of counselors.

425
Q

Record-Keeping Ethics

A

Ethical considerations for maintaining accurate and confidential client records.

426
Q

Dual Relationships and Power Dynamics

A

Ethical concerns about relationships where a power imbalance exists, such as between a counselor and client.

427
Q

Counseling Minors and Confidentiality

A

Specific ethical issues related to confidentiality and informed consent when working with underage clients.

428
Q

Therapeutic Misconduct

A

Unethical behavior by a counselor that harms the client or violates professional standards.

429
Q

Gifts in Therapy

A

Ethical considerations regarding accepting gifts from clients.

430
Q

Sexual Misconduct in Therapy

A

Serious ethical violations involving inappropriate sexual behavior with clients.

431
Q

Client Rights in Therapy

A

The rights of clients, including the right to confidentiality, informed consent, and respectful treatment.

432
Q

Subpoenas and Confidentiality

A

Handling legal demands for client records while maintaining confidentiality obligations.

433
Q

Technology in Counseling

A

Ethical issues related to the use of digital tools and social media in professional practice.

434
Q

Peer Support and Ethical Practice

A

The role of peer support in maintaining ethical standards in counseling.

435
Q

Continuing Professional Development

A

The ethical obligation for ongoing education and training to maintain competency.

436
Q

Supervisor Responsibilities

A

Ethical responsibilities of supervisors in training and overseeing less experienced counselors.

437
Q

Transparency in Therapy

A

The ethical importance of being honest and clear with clients about therapy processes.

438
Q

Ethical Decision-Making Models

A

Frameworks that help counselors make ethical choices in complex situations.

439
Q

Cultural Competency in Ethics

A

Understanding and integrating cultural factors ethically in counseling practice.

440
Q

Spirituality and Ethics

A

Considerations for ethically integrating clients’ spiritual beliefs into counseling.

441
Q

Ethical Marketing Practices

A

Ethically promoting counseling services without misleading potential clients.

442
Q

Client Termination

A

Issues and ethical considerations for appropriately ending counseling relationships.

443
Q

Ethical Billing Practices

A

Fair and accurate billing practices that comply with ethical standards.

444
Q

Reporting Ethical Violations

A

Guidelines and procedures for reporting unethical conduct in the counseling profession.

445
Q

Whistleblowing in Counseling

A

Ethical considerations and protections for counselors who report misconduct.

446
Q

Mandatory Reporting Laws

A

Laws requiring counselors to report instances of abuse or threats to the authorities.

447
Q

Legal Rights of Clients

A

Legal protections and rights afforded to clients in the counseling process.

448
Q

Counseling Across State Lines

A

Ethical and legal considerations for providing counseling services in multiple states.

449
Q

Confidentiality with Technology

A

Managing client confidentiality in the use of electronic communications and records.

450
Q

Social Justice and Advocacy in Counseling

A

The role of counselors in advocating for social justice and addressing systemic inequalities.

451
Q

Client Autonomy in Therapy

A

Supporting clients’ rights to make their own decisions regarding their treatment.

452
Q

Professional Role in Advocacy

A

Counselors’ role in advocating for the profession and its ethical standards.

453
Q

Ethical Research Practices

A

Guidelines for conducting research ethically in the field of counseling.

454
Q

Legal Issues in Group Therapy

A

Specific legal and ethical considerations for conducting group therapy sessions.

455
Q

Insurance and Ethics

A

Issues related to dealing with insurance companies and maintaining ethical practices.

456
Q

Discrimination and Ethics

A

Addressing and avoiding discriminatory practices in counseling.

457
Q

Client Advocacy in Counseling

A

Supporting and promoting clients’ best interests and rights.

458
Q

Suicide Assessment and Ethics

A

Ethical considerations and responsibilities when assessing the risk of suicide.

459
Q

Access to Counseling Services

A

Ethical considerations for providing equitable access to counseling services.

460
Q

Ethics in Crisis Intervention

A

Ethical practices in the provision of counseling during emergencies and crises.

461
Q

Ethical Use of Counseling Interns

A

Guidelines for the ethical use of interns in counseling practices.

462
Q

Resolving Ethical Issues

A

Strategies for resolving ethical dilemmas and conflicts in counseling.

national counselor exam (3 decks)

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