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Accuracy
Match between the target population and the sample in survey research.
AB ABA Time-Series Design
Simplest type of single-subject research initially popularized by behavior modifiers in the 1960s and 1970s.
Apparency
Clear, understandable representation of data.
Bell Curve
A frequency distribution shaped like a bell (normal distribution).
Bivariate Tabular Analysis
Statistical method to analyze the relationship between two variables by organizing data into a table format.
Case Study
Collection and presentation of detailed information about a participant or small group.
Causal-Comparative Research
Research that identifies a cause-effect relationship between two or more groups.
Comparative Designs
Examine data trends to determine relationships in two established groups or datasets.
Control Group
Group in an experiment that receives no treatment to compare against the treated group.
Correlation
An association between two variables; positive or negative.
Positive Correlation
Correlation where both variables change in the same direction.
Negative Correlation
Correlation where variables are inversely associated.
Correlation Coefficient
Descriptive statistic indicating the degree of a linear relationship between two variables.
Correlation Design
Research approach to examine the relationship between two or more variables.
Credibility
Trustworthiness and believability of study findings.
Data
Recorded observations, often numeric or textual.
Deductive
Reasoning from general principles to specific predictions or hypotheses.
Deductive Research
Research focused on testing a theory through hypothesis establishment.
Dependent Variable (DV)
Variable being measured or tested in an experiment.
Dependability
Accountability for changes in the study design or conditions surrounding it.
Design Flexibility
Ability to modify research methods or procedures during the study.
Deviation
Distance between the mean and a particular data point in a distribution.
Empirical Research
Research based on direct observation or experience rather than theory.
Variance Tests
Statistical methods to assess consistency in variability across groups or conditions.
68-95-99.7 Rule (Empirical Rule)
Statistical guideline describing approximate percentages of data in a normal distribution.
Experimental Research
Scientific method where researchers manipulate variables to observe effects on others.
External Validity
Extent to which findings and conclusions can be generalized beyond specific conditions of the study.
Factor Analysis
Statistical method to identify underlying patterns among a set of variables.
Factorial Experiment
Research design where multiple variables are manipulated simultaneously to observe combined effects.
Hypothesis
Tentative explanation to predict a causal relationship between variables.
Null Hypothesis
States there is no relationship between two variables.
Alternative Hypothesis
Specific relationship between two variables rejecting the null hypothesis.
Hypothesis Testing
Testing a hypothesis through the experimental model.
Independent Variable (IV)
Variable manipulated by the researcher.
Inductive
Formulating a generalized conclusion from particular instances.
Inductive Research
Approach where researchers start with specific observations and develop generalizations or theories.
Interviews
Research tool involving questions posed to participants for data collection.
Internal Validity
Extent to which a study accurately measures what it intends to.
Kinesics
Analysis examining communication through body movement.
Nominal
Categorical data classification with no inherent order or numerical value.
Ordinal
Categorical data classification where items are ranked or ordered.
Interval
Measurement describing variables with equally spaced intervals.
Ratio
Measurement scale where numbers represent quantities with a true zero point.
Mean
Average score within a distribution.
Mixed Methods Research
Combining qualitative and quantitative research methods within a single study.
Narrative Inquiry
Qualitative research based on a researcher’s narrative account.
Observation Study
Research where the participant(s) are observed in specific or natural settings.
Occam’s Razor
Simplest hypothesis should be preferred until proven otherwise.
Parameter
Numerical value describing a characteristic or feature of a population.
Percentage vs. Percentile
Percentage is a value out of 100; percentile is rank-ordering in a sample.
Phenomenology
Qualitative research concerned with understanding group behaviors from that group’s viewpoint.
Population
Target group under investigation in a study.
Probability
Likelihood or chance of an event occurring.
Qualitative Research Methods
Approaches to analyze non-numerical data for understanding social phenomena.
Quantitative Research Methods
Approaches to analyze numerical data for identifying patterns, relationships, or trends.
Mission of American Counseling Association
Promote the development of professional counselors and use counseling to enhance human dignity and diversity.
ACA Code of Ethics
Set of ethical guidelines that inform counselors’ professional conduct and decision-making.
Client Welfare
Priority for counselors to promote clients’ mental health and growth.
Confidentiality
Maintenance of privacy for client information, except under specific legal or ethical conditions.
Informed Consent
Requirement for counselors to obtain clients’ understanding and agreement before beginning therapy.
Cultural Sensitivity
Counselors’ ability to respect and integrate clients’ cultural backgrounds into counseling practices.
Professional Boundaries
Maintaining appropriate professional relationships without personal conflicts.
Competence
Maintaining high standards of professional knowledge and skills through ongoing education.
Ethical Decision-Making
Process of considering ethical principles and potential consequences in making professional decisions.
Legal and Ethical Compliance
Counselors’ adherence to laws, regulations, and ethical standards governing their practice.
Dual Relationships
Avoidance of multiple relationships with clients that could impair professional judgment or increase the risk of harm.
Self-Care
Prioritization of counselors’ personal well-being to maintain effective practice.
Supervision and Consultation
Engagement in professional supervision to ensure quality and appropriateness of counseling services.
Research and Publication
Adherence to ethical standards in conducting and reporting research.
Social Responsibility
Advocacy for social justice and challenging systemic barriers affecting client welfare.
Professional Integrity
Upholding honesty and transparency in professional relationships and public interactions.
Termination and Referral
Proper termination of counseling relationships and referrals to ensure continuity of care.
Values of Counseling
Embrace diversity, promote social justice, and practice ethically to enhance human development.
Foundational Principles for Ethical Behavior
Autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, equality, fidelity, and veracity.
Social Media Policies
Guidelines on counselors’ interactions with clients on social media to protect privacy.
Tarasoff Warnings
Duty of counselors to warn individuals of credible threats from clients.
Pro Bono Work
Providing counseling services for free or at a reduced fee to support community welfare.
Fee Splitting
Ethical considerations around sharing fees for referrals, deemed unethical.
Bartering
Consideration of cultural factors and potential for harm when exchanging goods or services for counseling.
Gifts from Clients
Handling small gifts from clients considering cultural implications and potential impacts on the relationship.
Ethical Consultations
Seeking advice in complex ethical situations to ensure decision integrity.
Distance Counseling
Conducting counseling through electronic means, adhering to legal standards and informed consent.
Encryption
Protecting electronic communications through coding to ensure privacy and confidentiality.
Website Compliance
Maintaining links to licensing and certification boards on professional websites.
Public Health Information (PHI)
Handling client health information securely, adhering to confidentiality laws.
Professional Counseling Orientation
Approaches and practices that define the professional conduct of counselors.
Autonomy in Counseling
Respecting clients’ rights to make decisions about their own lives.
Beneficence in Counseling
Acting for the benefit of clients and society while avoiding harm.
Justice in Counseling
Ensuring fair and equitable treatment of all clients without discrimination.
Fidelity in Counseling
Maintaining trust and confidentiality in professional relationships.
Veracity in Counseling
Commitment to truthfulness and accuracy in client interactions.
Ethical Decision-Making Model
A framework used by counselors to make ethical choices.
Client Records Management
Maintaining accurate and confidential records of counseling sessions.
Duty to Warn and Protect
Ethical obligation to disclose confidential information if there is a risk of serious harm.
Counselor Competence Requirement
Requirement for counselors to practice within their areas of training and expertise.
Ethical Compliance in Research
Adherence to ethical guidelines in conducting counseling research.
Boundary Issues
Managing professional boundaries to prevent conflicts of interest and unethical behavior.
Informed Consent in Counseling
Clients’ right to be informed about the counseling process and their rights.
Confidentiality Breaches
Unauthorized disclosure of client information and its ethical implications.
Mandatory Reporting
Requirement to report abuse or threats as mandated by law.
Teletherapy Guidelines
Standards for conducting therapy through digital or remote means.
Client Advocacy
Promoting clients’ interests and rights within the counseling process.
Cultural Competence in Counseling
Ability to understand, respect, and integrate clients’ cultural backgrounds.
Professional Development
Continuous learning and training to enhance counseling skills and knowledge.
Carl Jung
Founder of analytical psychology, known for concepts like the collective unconscious and archetypes.
Collective Unconscious
Common psychological reservoir of experiences shared by all humans.
Archetypes
Universal, mythic characters within the collective unconscious; common themes in the world’s cultures.
Persona
The mask or public face an individual presents to the world.
Shadow
Hidden or unconscious aspects of oneself, both negative and positive.
Anima and Animus
The feminine and masculine dimensions of a person’s personality.
Individuation
The process of integrating various parts of the psyche to become whole and self-realized.
Synchronicity
Meaningful coincidences that occur with no causal relationship yet seem to have a significant connection.
Psychological Types
Jung’s theory that people can be categorized by their psychological functions.
Persona Shadow Integration
Integrating the persona with the shadow to achieve a true representation of the self.
Sigmund Freud
Father of psychoanalysis, developed theories of the unconscious mind and psychosexual development stages.
Id, Ego, Superego
Three parts of the psyche: id is instinctual, ego is realistic, and superego is moral.
Psychosexual Stages
Freud’s stages of childhood development focused on erogenous zones.
Oral Stage
The first psychosexual stage, focusing on oral activities as a source of pleasure.
Anal Stage
The second stage, focusing on bowel and bladder elimination and control.
Phallic Stage
The third stage, focusing on the genitals and the differences between males and females.
Latency Stage
The fourth stage, a period of diminished sexual interest and development of social and intellectual skills.
Genital Stage
The final stage, beginning in puberty, where sexual interests mature.
Erik Erikson
Developed the theory of psychosocial development across eight stages.
Trust vs. Mistrust
The first stage, where infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
The second stage, where toddlers develop independence or feel shame about their failures.
Initiative vs. Guilt
The third stage, where preschoolers learn to initiate activities or feel guilty about their efforts.
Industry vs. Inferiority
The fourth stage, where school-aged children learn to feel industrious or inferior.
Identity vs. Role Confusion
The fifth stage, where adolescents explore their identity or become confused about their role.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
The sixth stage, where young adults form intimate relationships or feel isolated.
Generativity vs. Stagnation
The seventh stage, where middle-aged adults contribute to the next generation or stagnate.
Integrity vs. Despair
The final stage, where older adults reflect on their life with a sense of integrity or despair.
Jean Piaget
Known for his theory of cognitive development, describing how children construct a mental model of the world.
Schema
Mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.
Assimilation
The process by which new information is incorporated into existing schemas.
Accommodation
The process by which schemas are modified to incorporate new information.
Sensorimotor Stage
The first stage of Piaget’s theory, where infants learn through physical interaction with their environment.
Preoperational Stage
The second stage, where children begin to think symbolically but lack logical reasoning.
Concrete Operational Stage
The third stage, where children gain the ability to think logically about concrete events.
Formal Operational Stage
The fourth stage, where adolescents begin to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems.
Lev Vygotsky
Known for sociocultural theory, emphasizing the influence of social interaction on cognitive development.
Zone of Proximal Development
The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance.
Scaffolding
Temporary support given to a learner that is tailored to their needs, allowing them to achieve difficult tasks.
Social Interaction
Central to Vygotsky’s theory, where cognitive development is seen as a result of social interactions.
Cultural Tools
Tools of intellectual adaptation, allowing the child to use the cultural inventions of the society.
Private Speech
Self-directed speech by children that guides their thinking and action.
Internalization
The process of learning (and thereby internalizing) the values, beliefs, and problem-solving strategies of one’s culture.
Mary Ainsworth
Known for her work on attachment theory, particularly the development of the “Strange Situation” procedure.
Strange Situation
A structured observation used to assess attachment relationships between a caregiver and child.
Secure Attachment
Attachment style characterized by trust and a balance of dependence and exploration.
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
Attachment style where the child shows indifference or avoidance of the caregiver.
Insecure-Resistant Attachment
Attachment style where the child shows anxiety and uncertainty in the relationship.
Disorganized Attachment
Attachment style characterized by disorientation and lack of clear attachment behavior.
Attachment Theory
A theory that describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans.
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Developed ecological systems theory to explain how the inherent qualities of a child and their environment interact to influence how they grow and develop.
Ecological Systems Theory
Theory that highlights the multiple layers of environment that influence individual development.
Microsystem
Layer closest to the individual, containing structures with direct contact with the person.
Mesosystem
Interactions between the microsystems in an individual’s life.
Exosystem
External environmental settings that only indirectly affect development.
Macrosystem
The larger cultural context.
Chronosystem
Environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances.
ACA Code of Ethics
Guidelines that ensure the ethical and professional conduct of counselors.
Client Rights
The rights of clients to be treated with dignity, confidentiality, and respect during counseling.
Confidentiality
The ethical obligation to protect client information from unauthorized disclosure.
Dual Relationships
Ethical concern about relationships where the counselor has multiple, potentially conflicting roles with a client.
Informed Consent
The process of explaining the counseling procedure and obtaining agreement from clients before proceeding.
Nonmaleficence
Ethical principle obligating counselors to do no harm to clients.
Beneficence
Ethical principle obligating counselors to contribute to the welfare of clients.
Autonomy
The right of clients to make decisions about their own treatment.
Justice
Ethical principle obligating counselors to treat all clients fairly and equitably.
Fidelity
Ethical principle requiring counselors to be trustworthy and to maintain loyalty to clients.
Ethical Decision-Making
Process used by counselors to evaluate decisions from an ethical standpoint.
Boundary Issues
Concerns about the appropriate limits that should exist in the counselor-client relationship.
Professional Competence
The necessity for counselors to maintain sufficient knowledge and skills in their practice.
Supervision
Ethical and professional requirement for less experienced counselors to receive guidance from experienced professionals.
Cultural Competence
The ability and willingness to understand, respect, and accommodate clients’ cultural beliefs and practices.
Social Justice
An ethical obligation to advocate for fair treatment of all individuals, particularly those who have been marginalized.
Legal Compliance
The requirement for counselors to adhere to local, state, and federal laws affecting their practice.
Privacy Laws
Regulations that protect the privacy of individuals and sensitive information.
Ethics Training
Training provided to ensure counselors understand and can implement ethical standards in their practice.
Licensure Requirements
Standards set by states that professionals must meet to be licensed to practice counseling.
Continuing Education
Programs required for counselors to maintain their licenses, ensuring they stay updated on professional practices.
Risk Management
Strategies employed by counselors to minimize legal and ethical risks.
Crisis Intervention
The ethical obligation to provide immediate support and services during a crisis or emergency situation.
Record Keeping
The requirement to maintain accurate and secure records of client interactions and sessions.
Client Advocacy
Supporting clients’ needs and rights within the counseling process and in broader societal contexts.
Conflicts of Interest
Situations in which professional judgments or actions regarding a primary interest could be influenced by a secondary interest.
Professional Boundaries
Maintaining clear and appropriate limits in relationships with clients.
Mandated Reporting
The legal obligation to report certain conditions, such as abuse, to authorities.
Ethical Breeches
Instances where counselors violate ethical standards.
License Revocation
The possible consequence for a counselor who severely breaches ethical or legal standards.
Scope of Practice
The range of responsibilities and practices that a counselor is allowed to undertake according to their qualifications.
Client Welfare
Ethical principle prioritizing the health, well-being, and safety of clients.
Termination and Referral
Ethical considerations regarding appropriately ending the counselor-client relationship or referring clients to other professionals.
Counselor Self-Care
The responsibility of counselors to take care of their own mental and emotional health.
Legal Obligations in Counseling
The legal responsibilities that counselors have to their clients and the profession.
Ethical Guidelines
Codes of conduct that guide the behavior and decision-making of counselors.
Duty to Warn
Requirement to inform third parties or authorities if a client poses a risk of danger to themselves or others.
Teletherapy
Providing therapy through electronic communications, which includes specific ethical and legal considerations.
Digital Ethics
Ethical considerations related to the use of digital tools and platforms in counseling.
Virtual Confidentiality
Maintaining client confidentiality in virtual or online counseling sessions.
Ethical Standards for Research
Requirements for conducting research ethically in the counseling field.
Patient Rights in Therapy
Legal and ethical rights held by clients in a therapeutic setting.
Professional Ethics in Counseling
The ethical standards that guide professional behavior and clinical practice in counseling.
Consent for Minors
Special considerations and legal requirements for obtaining consent from minors in therapy.
HIPAA Compliance
Adhering to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act standards for protecting patient information.
Counselor Accountability
The responsibility of counselors to their clients, the public, and the profession.
Public Statements
Ethical considerations regarding public communications made by counselors.
Social Media and Ethics
Ethical considerations for counselors’ use of social media in a professional context.
Documentation Standards
Ethical and legal requirements for documenting counseling sessions and client interactions.
Ethical Consultation
Seeking guidance from ethics committees or senior professionals regarding complex ethical dilemmas.
Exploratory Data Analysis
An approach in statistics used to analyze data sets to summarize their main characteristics, often with visual methods.
Descriptive Statistics
Statistical techniques that describe or summarize data features, including central tendency, dispersion, and shape of the dataset.
Inferential Statistics
The process of using data analysis to infer properties of an underlying probability distribution.
Standard Error
A measure of the statistical accuracy of an estimate, calculated as the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.
Regression Analysis
A set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables.
Simple Linear Regression
A method to determine the straight-line relationship between two variables.
Multiple Regression
A statistical technique that uses several explanatory variables to predict the outcome of a response variable.
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
A collection of statistical models used to analyze the differences among group means in a sample.
Covariance
A measure of the joint variability of two random variables.
T-test
A type of inferential statistic used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups.
Chi-Square Test
A statistical test applied to sets of categorical data to evaluate how likely it is that any observed difference between the sets arose by chance.
P-value
The probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the results actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.
Confidence Interval
A range of values so defined that there is a specified probability that the value of a parameter lies within it.
Histogram
A graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data.
Scatter Plot
A type of plot or mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for typically two variables for a set of data.
Biostatistics
The application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology.
Psychometrics
The science of measuring mental capacities and processes.
Epidemiology Studies
Research that studies the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations.
Longitudinal Study
A research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables over short or long periods of time.
Cross-Sectional Study
A study that analyzes data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time.
Cohort Study
A study design where one or more samples (cohorts) are followed prospectively and subsequent status evaluations with respect to a disease or outcome are conducted to determine which initial participants exposed to a risk or treatment factor develop the outcome.
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
A study design that randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or a control group.
Blinding/Masking
A trial design to prevent the parties involved (participants, researchers, assessors) from knowing the intervention assigned to each participant.
Meta-Analysis
A statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies.
Systematic Review
A form of meta-analysis focused on a research question that tries to identify, appraise, select, and synthesize all high-quality research evidence relevant to that question.
Survival Analysis
A branch of statistics that analyzes the expected duration until one or more events happen.
Time-Series Analysis
A statistical technique that deals with time series data, or trend analysis.
Factorial Design
A type of experimental design that involves two or more variables, allowing researchers to study the interaction effects among treatments.
Cluster Sampling
A sampling technique used when “natural” but heterogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population.
Stratified Sampling
The process of dividing members of the population into homogeneous subgroups before sampling.
Simple Random Sampling
A subset of a statistical population in which each member of the subset has an equal probability of being chosen.
Systematic Sampling
A statistical method involving the selection of elements from an ordered sampling frame.
Sampling Error
The error caused by observing a sample instead of the whole population.
Data Normalization
The process of organizing data to minimize redundancy.
Quantitative Data
Numerical data.
Qualitative Data
Descriptive data which can be observed but not measured.
Mixed-Methods
Data collection, analysis, and integration of both quantitative data and qualitative data.
Validity
The degree to which a result (of a measurement or study) is likely to be true and free of bias.
Reliability
The overall consistency of a measure. A measure is said to have high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions.
Outliers
An observation point that is distant from other observations.
Multivariate Analysis
Statistical procedure for analysis of data involving more than one type of variable.
Non-Parametric Tests
Statistical tests that do not assume our data follow a specific distribution.
Parametric Tests
Statistical tests based on assumptions about the population parameters and the distributions that the data come from.
Monte Carlo Simulation
A broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results.
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)
The procedure of choice for hypothesis testing in many scientific experiments.
Bayesian Statistics
A theory in the field of statistics based on the Bayesian interpretation of probability where probability expresses a degree of belief in an event.
Data Science
The science of analyzing raw data using statistics and machine learning to draw conclusions about that information.
Big Data
Extremely large data sets that may be analyzed computationally to reveal patterns, trends, and associations.
Machine Learning
A type of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows software applications to become more accurate at predicting outcomes without being explicitly programmed.
Data Mining
The practice of examining large databases in order to generate new information.
Confidentiality Exceptions
Circumstances under which client confidentiality may be breached, such as threats of harm to self or others.
Informed Assent
Obtaining agreement from clients who cannot legally provide informed consent, such as minors.
Ethical Consultation
Seeking guidance from colleagues or ethics committees when faced with complex ethical dilemmas.
Competence in Supervision
Maintaining high standards of supervision to enhance the quality of counseling services.
Supervisee Responsibilities
Obligations of supervisees, including providing accurate information and seeking guidance.
Gatekeeping Role
The responsibility of supervisors to assess the competence of supervisees entering the counseling profession.
Multicultural Counseling
Integrating awareness, knowledge, and skills regarding cultural diversity into counseling practice.
Privilege and Oppression
The dynamics that create and sustain inequity in counseling practices and societal structures.
Social Advocacy
Efforts to promote systemic changes to eliminate barriers and support marginalized populations.
Client Dependency
Avoiding fostering an unhealthy dependence on the counselor in the therapeutic relationship.
Self-Disclosure
When and how much the counselor shares personal information with the client.
Ethical Competence
Being aware of and able to apply ethical standards effectively.
Record Keeping Guidelines
Ethical and legal requirements for maintaining accurate client records.
Continuity of Care
The obligation to ensure clients receive uninterrupted care when transitioning to a new counselor.
Duty to Protect
Counselors’ ethical responsibility to protect clients from foreseeable harm.
Tarasoff Case
Legal precedent emphasizing the counselor’s duty to warn and protect potential victims.
HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)
Federal law protecting the privacy of individuals’ health information.
FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act)
Legislation that protects the privacy of student educational records.
Electronic Health Records
Digital versions of clients’ health records, subject to confidentiality and security regulations.
Pro Bono Counseling
Offering counseling services for free or at reduced rates to clients in need.
Sliding Fee Scale
Adjusting counseling fees based on clients’ income and ability to pay.
Competence in Research
Ensuring ethical and accurate conduct of counseling research.
Research Participant Rights
Protecting the rights and welfare of participants involved in research studies.
Ethical Publication
Adhering to ethical guidelines when disseminating counseling research results.
Informed Consent in Research
Obtaining consent from research participants by providing information about study risks and benefits.
Social Media Policies
Guidelines for counselors on appropriate use of social media to maintain professional boundaries.
Electronic Storage Procedures
Securely storing electronic records while protecting client confidentiality.
Client Verification in Distance Counseling
Verifying the identity of clients in online counseling sessions.
Cultural Adaptation
Adjusting counseling practices to accommodate clients’ cultural beliefs and practices.
Spiritual Competence
Understanding and respecting clients’ spiritual beliefs and integrating them into therapy.
Burnout
Physical and emotional exhaustion resulting from prolonged stress in counseling work.
Secondary Trauma
Emotional duress experienced by counselors due to exposure to clients’ traumatic experiences.
Impaired Professionalism
When personal issues prevent a counselor from providing effective and ethical services.
Wellness Model in Counseling
Promoting holistic well-being through counseling practices focused on clients’ strengths.
Counseling Research Ethics
Ethical standards for the design, conduct, and dissemination of counseling research.
Ethics Committees
Bodies responsible for reviewing ethical complaints and enforcing professional standards.
Managed Care in Counseling
Providing mental health services through insurance plans, often with ethical considerations.
Referral Guidelines
Ethical standards for referring clients to other professionals or resources.
Competence in Specialty Areas
Ensuring adequate training and knowledge before providing specialized counseling services.
Boundary Violations
Deliberate breaches of professional boundaries that harm clients.
Boundary Crossings
Occasional deviations from professional boundaries that may or may not be harmful.
Continuing Education Ethics
Engaging in ongoing education to maintain competence and ethical practice.
Counselor-Client Sexual Misconduct
Ethical guidelines prohibiting sexual relationships with clients.
Distance Counseling Ethics
Ethical considerations unique to providing counseling via electronic means.
Multiple Relationships
Ethical challenges arising when counselors have other relationships with their clients.
Client Records Access
Clients’ right to access their counseling records, subject to ethical and legal limitations.
Conflict of Interest Situations
Situations where personal interests might conflict with professional responsibilities.
Ethical Issues in Assessment
Ensuring assessment tools are used ethically and appropriately for clients.
Client-Therapist Matching
Ensuring the therapeutic relationship is suitable to meet the client’s needs.
Substance Use Disorders in Counseling
Ethical and legal considerations when treating clients with substance use issues.
Group Therapy Ethics
Upholding ethical standards in the group therapy setting.
Counseling Techniques
Diverse strategies and methods used by counselors to help clients achieve their goals.
Group Counseling
A counseling approach where multiple clients participate in a session together, promoting peer interaction and support.
Play Therapy
A counseling method that uses play to communicate with and help clients, particularly children, to express their feelings.
Art Therapy
A form of psychotherapy involving the encouragement of free self-expression through painting, drawing, or modeling.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
A psycho-social intervention aiming to improve mental health by challenging and changing unhelped thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
A comprehensive mental health and substance abuse treatment program that emphasizes the psychosocial aspects of treatment.
Narrative Therapy
A therapeutic approach that encourages patients to rely on their own skills to minimize problems that exist in their lives.
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)
A goal-directed collaborative approach to psychotherapeutic change that is conducted through direct observation of clients’ responses to a series of precisely constructed questions.
Existential Therapy
A form of psychotherapy that aims to explore difficulties from a philosophical perspective, focusing on the human condition as a whole.
Humanistic Therapy
A therapeutic approach focusing on self-development, growth, and responsibilities.
Family Systems Therapy
A branch of psychotherapy that works with families and couples to nurture change and development.
Therapeutic Alliance
The relationship between a healthcare professional and a client.
Confidentiality in Group Settings
Handling privacy concerns when conducting therapy with multiple clients.
In-session Note-Taking
The practice of writing down relevant notes during a counseling session.
Telehealth Counseling
Providing counseling services through telecommunications technology, such as video calls.
Online Therapy Platforms
Websites and applications that facilitate the provision of therapy services over the internet.
Counseling Outcome Measures
Tools and methods used to assess the effectiveness of counseling interventions.
Client-Centered Therapy
A non-directive form of talk therapy emphasizing the client’s capacity for self-direction and understanding of their own development.
Gestalt Therapy
A form of psychotherapy that emphasizes personal responsibility and focuses on the individual’s experience in the present moment.
Trauma-Informed Care
A therapeutic approach that recognizes and responds to the effects of all types of trauma.
Psychoanalysis
A set of theories and therapeutic techniques that deal in part with the unconscious mind, and which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders.
Sex Therapy
Therapy focusing on concerns about sexual function, sexual feelings, and intimacy.
Addiction Counseling
A specialty within professional counseling that deals with evaluating and treating individuals with addiction issues.
Marriage Counseling
A type of psychotherapy for married couples or established partners that typically aims to resolve problems and improve their relationship.
Clinical Supervision
The practice where more experienced professionals oversee the work of less experienced staff.
Burnout Prevention
Strategies to prevent the exhaustion and loss of interest that can occur from the demands of the profession.
Self-disclosure
Practice of therapists sharing their own personal views or experience with a client with the intention of improving the therapeutic alliance.
Boundaries in Therapy
Clear set boundaries between therapists and clients that ensure a safe and professional relationship.
Ethical Advertising
Advertising that adheres to ethical guidelines to ensure honesty and integrity.
Referral Processes
Processes involved in directing a client to another professional or service for additional support.
Documentation in Therapy
Keeping accurate and comprehensive notes on client sessions and progress.
Suicide Risk Assessment
Tools and strategies used to evaluate the risk of suicide in individuals.
Crisis Management Techniques
Techniques used to help clients deal with sudden and significant negative events.
Therapeutic Models
Conceptual models that guide the approaches therapists use to understand clients and their problems.
Preventative Counseling
Interventions aimed at preventing psychological problems before they become severe.
Counselor Education and Training
Programs and courses aimed at preparing individuals for a career in counseling.
Licensing Exams
Standardized exams that counselors must pass to obtain a license to practice.
Professional Development Workshops
Workshops aimed at continuing the education and skill development of professionals.
Therapeutic Ethics
The study of ethical issues emerging from the therapy practices.
Client Assessment Techniques
Techniques used to evaluate the mental, emotional, and behavioral conditions of clients.
Interprofessional Collaboration
Working cooperatively with professionals from other disciplines.
Accreditation of Counseling Programs
Certification process that ensures counseling programs meet certain standards of quality.
Legal Responsibilities of Counselors
Legal obligations that counselors have in their professional practice.
Professional Counseling Associations
Organizations that support the development and interests of the counseling profession.
Peer Consultation
Process of consulting with peers on issues of concern in the practice of counseling.
Counseling Research
Methodological study of counseling practices and outcomes.
Counseling Interventions
Specific strategies used to address various mental health issues.
Substance Abuse Counseling
Specialty counseling aimed at helping individuals struggling with addiction or substance abuse
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Developer of ecological systems theory, emphasizing the importance of multiple environmental systems on development.
Microsystem
The immediate environment, including family, school, and peer group, that directly influences an individual.
Mesosystem
Interactions between the microsystems in an individual’s life.
Exosystem
External settings that indirectly influence an individual’s development (e.g., parent’s workplace).
Macrosystem
Larger societal and cultural context influencing all layers of the ecological system.
Chronosystem
Transitions and shifts in one’s lifespan and the sociohistorical context.
John Bowlby
Founder of attachment theory, emphasizing the importance of early attachment relationships.
Attachment Styles
Different ways individuals emotionally connect with others, developed based on early caregiving experiences.
Secure Base
The role of a caregiver as a base from which an infant can explore their environment.
Internal Working Model
Mental representations of oneself and relationships, formed based on early attachment experiences.
Mary Ainsworth
Developed the “Strange Situation” procedure and identified key attachment styles.
Disorganized Attachment
A rare attachment style characterized by contradictory behaviors and a lack of a clear attachment pattern.
James Marcia
Expanded on Erikson’s identity development theory by proposing four identity statuses.
Identity Achievement
Status where individuals have explored options and made firm commitments.
Identity Moratorium
Status where individuals are actively exploring different identity options but haven’t made commitments.
Identity Foreclosure
Status where individuals have made commitments without exploring different options.
Identity Diffusion
Status where individuals lack direction and have not explored options or made commitments.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Known for his theory of stages of moral development, emphasizing justice-based reasoning.
Preconventional Morality
First level of moral development where individuals make decisions based on rewards and punishments.
Conventional Morality
Second level where individuals conform to societal expectations and laws.
Postconventional Morality
Third level where moral reasoning is based on ethical principles and values.
Carol Gilligan
Critiqued Kohlberg’s theory by emphasizing a care-based approach to moral development.
Ethic of Care
An alternative approach to moral development emphasizing relationships and care for others.
Albert Bandura
Developer of social learning theory, emphasizing the role of observational learning.
Reciprocal Determinism
Concept that behavior, environment, and personal factors influence each other bidirectionally.
Bobo Doll Experiment
Classic study demonstrating children’s imitation of aggressive behavior after observing adults.
Self-Efficacy
One’s belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish tasks.
Self-Regulation
Ability to monitor and control one’s behavior, thoughts, and emotions.
Lev Vygotsky
Developer of sociocultural theory, emphasizing the influence of social interaction on cognitive development.
Cultural Mediation
Use of cultural tools, including language, to mediate and transform mental activities.
Private Speech
Self-directed speech that children use to guide their behavior, eventually internalized as inner speech.
Edward Lorenz
Known for chaos theory, highlighting the sensitivity of complex systems to initial conditions.
Chaos Theory
Study of complex systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions.
Daniel Levinson
Developer of the Four Major Eras/Transition theory focusing on adult development.
Seasons of a Man’s Life
Levinson’s theory that adult development occurs in stages marked by developmental tasks and transitions.
Early Adult Transition (17-22)
Period involving leaving adolescence and starting adulthood.
Middle Adult Transition (40-45)
Period involving reevaluation and potential changes in life structure.
Late Adult Transition (60-65)
Period involving preparation for retirement and later adulthood.
Harry Stack Sullivan
Developer of interpersonal theory emphasizing the role of social relationships in personality development.
Interpersonal Theory
Focuses on how interpersonal relationships and social interactions shape personality and behavior.
Alfred Adler
Founder of Adlerian theory emphasizing holistic development and striving for goals.
Adlerian Theory
Approach to therapy that emphasizes overcoming feelings of inferiority and gaining social interest.
Inferiority Complex
Feelings of inadequacy stemming from perceived physical or psychological shortcomings.
Striving for Superiority
Adler’s concept that individuals are motivated by efforts to achieve competence and mastery.
Life Tasks
Tasks that individuals must accomplish to achieve satisfaction in life.
Nancy Chodorow
Known for her feminist theory emphasizing the role of mothering in personality development.
Judith Butler
Notable feminist theorist known for her work on gender identity and performativity.
Gender Performativity
Idea that gender is not inherent but is constructed and maintained through repeated behaviors.
Linda Carli
Researcher known for her work on social role theory and gender differences.
Social Role Theory
Examines how societal expectations influence behavior and development within social roles.
Developmental Psychopathology
Study of the development of psychological disorders, integrating multiple theoretical perspectives.
Behavior Genetics
Study of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
Study of how evolutionary principles help explain human development.
Developmental Tasks
Challenges that individuals must navigate to successfully develop across life stages.
Ethical Frameworks
Conceptual structures used to analyze and resolve ethical issues in counseling.
Professional Ethics Codes
Codes of conduct that outline the ethical responsibilities of professionals within counseling.
Ethical Principles in Counseling
Fundamental values such as autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and fidelity guiding counselors.
Moral Dilemmas in Counseling
Situations in which a counselor faces conflicting ethical decisions.
Confidentiality Breaches
Issues involving unauthorized disclosure of client information.
Informed Consent in Research
Ethical requirement to inform research participants about the nature of the study and obtain their voluntary consent.
Ethical Issues in Teletherapy
Specific ethical considerations related to providing therapy through electronic means.
Counselor’s Duty of Care
Legal and ethical obligation to act in the best interest of clients and avoid causing harm.
Boundary Management
Strategies to maintain professional and ethical boundaries with clients.
Professional Liability
Issues related to legal responsibilities and potential liabilities of counselors.
Record-Keeping Ethics
Ethical considerations for maintaining accurate and confidential client records.
Dual Relationships and Power Dynamics
Ethical concerns about relationships where a power imbalance exists, such as between a counselor and client.
Counseling Minors and Confidentiality
Specific ethical issues related to confidentiality and informed consent when working with underage clients.
Therapeutic Misconduct
Unethical behavior by a counselor that harms the client or violates professional standards.
Gifts in Therapy
Ethical considerations regarding accepting gifts from clients.
Sexual Misconduct in Therapy
Serious ethical violations involving inappropriate sexual behavior with clients.
Client Rights in Therapy
The rights of clients, including the right to confidentiality, informed consent, and respectful treatment.
Subpoenas and Confidentiality
Handling legal demands for client records while maintaining confidentiality obligations.
Technology in Counseling
Ethical issues related to the use of digital tools and social media in professional practice.
Peer Support and Ethical Practice
The role of peer support in maintaining ethical standards in counseling.
Continuing Professional Development
The ethical obligation for ongoing education and training to maintain competency.
Supervisor Responsibilities
Ethical responsibilities of supervisors in training and overseeing less experienced counselors.
Transparency in Therapy
The ethical importance of being honest and clear with clients about therapy processes.
Ethical Decision-Making Models
Frameworks that help counselors make ethical choices in complex situations.
Cultural Competency in Ethics
Understanding and integrating cultural factors ethically in counseling practice.
Spirituality and Ethics
Considerations for ethically integrating clients’ spiritual beliefs into counseling.
Ethical Marketing Practices
Ethically promoting counseling services without misleading potential clients.
Client Termination
Issues and ethical considerations for appropriately ending counseling relationships.
Ethical Billing Practices
Fair and accurate billing practices that comply with ethical standards.
Reporting Ethical Violations
Guidelines and procedures for reporting unethical conduct in the counseling profession.
Whistleblowing in Counseling
Ethical considerations and protections for counselors who report misconduct.
Mandatory Reporting Laws
Laws requiring counselors to report instances of abuse or threats to the authorities.
Legal Rights of Clients
Legal protections and rights afforded to clients in the counseling process.
Counseling Across State Lines
Ethical and legal considerations for providing counseling services in multiple states.
Confidentiality with Technology
Managing client confidentiality in the use of electronic communications and records.
Social Justice and Advocacy in Counseling
The role of counselors in advocating for social justice and addressing systemic inequalities.
Client Autonomy in Therapy
Supporting clients’ rights to make their own decisions regarding their treatment.
Professional Role in Advocacy
Counselors’ role in advocating for the profession and its ethical standards.
Ethical Research Practices
Guidelines for conducting research ethically in the field of counseling.
Legal Issues in Group Therapy
Specific legal and ethical considerations for conducting group therapy sessions.
Insurance and Ethics
Issues related to dealing with insurance companies and maintaining ethical practices.
Discrimination and Ethics
Addressing and avoiding discriminatory practices in counseling.
Client Advocacy in Counseling
Supporting and promoting clients’ best interests and rights.
Suicide Assessment and Ethics
Ethical considerations and responsibilities when assessing the risk of suicide.
Access to Counseling Services
Ethical considerations for providing equitable access to counseling services.
Ethics in Crisis Intervention
Ethical practices in the provision of counseling during emergencies and crises.
Ethical Use of Counseling Interns
Guidelines for the ethical use of interns in counseling practices.
Resolving Ethical Issues
Strategies for resolving ethical dilemmas and conflicts in counseling.
