NCE 1 Flashcards
Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erikson’s stages are
psychosocial
In Freud’s psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erikson’ is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists
believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was
Erik Erikson. He created a theory with 8 stages- the final stage does not begin until age 60
The statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the work of
Sigmund Freud
Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is
Sensorimotor, pre-operations, concrete operations, formal operations
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as
his findings were often derived from observing his own children
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered
Conservation- a child masters conservation and reversibility during the concrete operations stage (7-11 years).
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to
volume & mass
A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as
concrete operations (7-11 years)
_______ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development.
Kohlberg - the leading theorist in moral devleopment
According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests
one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (Stage 2) says, “the rain is following me.” This is an example of
egocentrism
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested
Three levels of moral development: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.
The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as
a typing test test is to the level of typing skill mastered
The term identity crisis comes from the work of
Erikson
Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are
pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional
Trust versus Mistrust is
Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s final or eighth stage
integrity versus despair
In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by
consequences
Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by
a desire to conform and live up to society’s expectations.
Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is termed post-conventional morality. Here the individual
has self-imposed morals and ethics
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is post-conventional or self-acceptance moral principles,
is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.
The zone of proximal development was pioneered by
Lev Vygotsky
Freud and Erikson
could be classified as maturationists
John Bowlby, the british psychologist, is most closely associated with
bonding and attachment
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?
Generativity versus stagnation
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is
Harry Harlow
The statement, “Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations” is
true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is
intimacy v isolation (ages 23-34)
In Harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys
the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother.
Freud postulated the psychosexual stages:
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
In adolescence SI
males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often.
In the general U.S. population
suicide rates tend to increase with age.
the fear of death
is greatest during middle age
In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor
which evolves primarily during the oral age.
When comparing boys to girls, it could be noted that, in general
girls grow up to smile more; girls are using more feeling words by age 2; girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age; boys can be more physically active and aggressive
The Freudian developmental stage which “least” emphasizes sexuality is
Latency- the hidden meaning of the dream (ages 6-12)
In terms of parenting young children
boys are punished more than girls
When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean
how much heredity or environment interact to influence development.
Stage theorists assume
qualitative changes between stages occur
Development is
a continuous process which begins at conception.
Development is cephalocaudal, which means
head to foot
Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and
assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes; assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes; assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code.
Piaget’s final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage
abstract thinking emerges, and problems can be solved using deduction.
Kohlberg lists ______ stages of moral development which fall into______ levels.
6; 3
A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principals
has reached the highest stage of moral development which is the post-conventional level of self-accepted moral principles.
Freud’s Oedipus complex (Oedipus Stage)
occurs during the phallic stage which is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur.
In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as
the Electra complex
The correct order of the Freudian sexual or libidinal stages is:
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing
an apparatus known as a visual cliff
Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as
Empiricists (scientists can only learn from objective facts)
An empiricist view of
behavioristic
In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers
ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers.
