NBCOT Flashcards
Spatial organization and motor planning
exposing to situations that require problem solving by challenging the child to move his body in relation to objects in the environment
Carpal tunnel syndrome
condition that results from compression of the median nerve at the wrist. A wrist cock up splint positions the wrist in 10 to 12 degrees in extension to prevent further damage
Visual agnosia
the inability to recognize common objects and demonstrate their use in an activity
Apraxia
the inability to perform purposeful movement on command
Stereognosia
identifying objects through touch only
Athetoid
characterized by uncontrolled movement and widely fluctuating tone. When tone rapidly shifts from hypertonic to hypotonic
Hypertonic
impaired ability to control movement
Hypotonic
low tone, results in flaccid muscles and floppy movements
Spastic
relating to or affected by muscle spasm
Proximal to distal approach
begins at the center of the body, then proceeds to the extremities. Ex. Improve posture, then improve shoulder stability, then improve grasps
Cerebral Palsy
a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture
Hip Fracture
A break in the upper quarter of the thighbone, near the hip joint
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
a neurologic disease commonly seen in young adults resulting in varying symptoms such as sensory disturbances, vision loss, generalized weakness, incoordination and overall loss of function
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. “A” means no. “Myo” refers to muscle, and “Trophic” means nourishment - “No muscle nourishment.”
Envelopment
Degree to which a person sinks (wheelchair)
Ataxia
Impaired balance and coordination
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
Dysarthria
Difficulty with speech
Bradykinesia
slowness of movement and is one of the cardinal manifestations of Parkinson’s disease.
Guillain-Barré syndrome
a condition when immune system attacks your nerves.. It causes muscle weakness, loss of reflexes, and numbness or tingling in your arms, legs, face, and other parts of your body
Cystic Fibrous
an inherited life-threatening disorder that damages the lungs and digestive system
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible
Emphysema
Diagnosis of COPD - clients have hyperinflated lungs, which partially expand the ribcage
Aphasia
gets in the way of a person’s ability to use or understand words. Aphasia does not impair the person’s intelligence. People who have aphasia may have difficulty speaking and finding the “right” words to complete their thoughts
Huntington’s disease
is a progressive loss of motor control. Is an inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain. This disease has a broad impact on a person’s functional abilities and usually results in movement, thinking (cognitive) and psychiatric disorders. Problems with word retrieval so closed-ended questions are important.
Dyspraxia
Deficient motor planning that is often related to a decrease in sensory processing
Deficient motor planning that is often related to a decrease in sensory processing
is an abnormal body posture that involves the arms and legs being held straight out, the toes being pointed downward, and the head and neck being arched backwards
Decorticate posture
Upper extremities in decorticate rigidity are spastic and flexed, with internal rotation and adduction
Orthostatic hypotension
occurs when the person’s blood pressure drops on assuming an upright posture
Orthostatic hypertension
is a medical condition consisting of a sudden increase in blood pressure when a person stands up
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
a blood circulation disorder that causes the blood vessels outside of your heart and brain to narrow, block, or spasm
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
a serious condition that occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein located deep inside your body
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
a sudden blockage in a lung artery. It usually happens when a blood clot breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream to the lungs
Ischemic Stroke
also referred to as brain ischemia and cerebral ischemia. This type of stroke is caused by a blockage in an artery that supplies blood to the brain
Embolic Stroke
Occurs when a blood clot or debris travels from one part of the body and lodges in a narrower brain artery, blocking blood flow to the brain
Thrombotic Stroke
strokes caused by a blood clot that develops in the arteries supplying blood to the brain
Hemorrhagic Stroke
also called an intracerebral hemorrhage, or an ICH. An ICH occurs when a blood vessel ruptures and blood accumulates in the tissue around the rupture
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding in the space between the brain and the tissue covering the brain
Left CVA
- Right-sided weakness or paralysis and sensory impairment
- Problems with speech and understanding language (aphasia)
- Visual problems, including the inability to see the right visual field of each eye
- Impaired ability to do math or to organize, reason, and analyze items
- Behavioral changes, such as depression, cautiousness, and hesitancy
- Impaired ability to read, write, and learn new information
- Memory problems
- Other Symptoms: right hemiplegia or hemiparesis, apraxia, hemianopia, impaired sequencing skills, be slow or cautious and show receptive, expressive, or global aphasia
Right CVA
- Left-sided weakness or paralysis and sensory impairment
- Visual problems, including an inability to see the left visual field of each eye
- Spatial problems with depth perception or directions, such as up or down and front or back
- Inability to localize or recognize body parts
- Inability to understand maps and find objects, such as clothing or toiletry items
- Memory problems
- Behavioral changes, such as lack of concern about situations, impulsivity, inappropriateness, and depression
- Other Symptoms: Spatial and perceptual deficits; Attention and focusing issues; Agnosia (difficulty recognising objects, faces, voices or places); Neglecting the left side of the body; Difficulty following instructions or answering consecutive questions
Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia Cortical blindness (bilateral lesions) Deficits in long-term and short-term memory Behaviour alteration (agitation, anger, paranoia)
Anterior Cerebral Artery Stroke
Disinhibition and speech perseveration. Primitive reflexes (eg, grasping, sucking reflexes) Altered mental status. Impaired judgment. Contralateral weakness (greater in legs than arms) Contralateral cortical sensory deficits. Gait apraxia. Urinary incontinence.
Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke
stroke may cause language deficits, as well as weakness, sensory deficits and visual defects on the opposite side of the body.
are generally embolic as opposed to thrombotic
Allen Cognitive Levels
Provides a description of the patient’s level of occupational functioning and his/her ability to perform familiar activities, as well as to learn new ones
Work Conditioning
Work related, intensive, goal-oriented treatment program designed to restore an individual systemic, neuromusculoskeletal (strength, endurance, movement, flexibility, and motor control) and cardiopulmonary functions.
Work Hardening
Highly structured, goal-oriented, individualized treatment program designed to return a person back to work. Utilizes real or simulated work activities to restore physical, behavioral and vocational functions
Manual Muscle Test
A procedure for the evaluation of strength of individual muscle or muscles group, based upon the effective performance of a movement in relation to the forces of gravity or Manual Resistance through the available Range of motion (ROM).
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES)
Used to evoke muscle contraction through stimulation of the intact or partially intact peripheral nervous system. NMES is considered safe and effective with minimal contraindications.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
The application of electrical stimulation for pain control. The use of this intervention provides the therapist with a technology to provide an analgesic effect that facilitates occupational performance and function
Iontophoresis
A method of topically delivering medication or drugs into a localized area of tissue by using the force of direct electrical current to create a therapeutic effect.
Rood Approach
This theory is that appropriate sensory stimulation can elicit specific motor responses, so combined controlled sensory stimulation with a sequence of positions and activities that replicate normal progression of motor skills to achieve purposeful muscular responses.
Brunnstrom Approach
This theory uses the motor patterns available to the patient throughout the recovery process. The goal is to allow progress through the stages of recovery and that synergies, reflexes, and other abnormal movement patterns are a normal part of the process toward more normal and complex movement patterns
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
Based on normal movement and motor development with the understanding that the brain registers total movement and not individual muscle action. This approach use mass movement patterns that resemble normal movement during functional activities to help strengthen weak components of movements.
O*NET
An online, searchable database for information about occupations. Includes an enormous amount of data that can make it difficult to use in a qualitative fashion
Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)
The DOT defines occupations in the United States and the physical demands of work. It provides definitions of the overall level of work, strength demands, and frequency of the physical demands. Was replaced in 1998.
Work Readiness Programs
- A program with a focus on skills that are important because they ensure workers have the basic academic, critical thinking and personal skills necessary to maintain employment.
- Assists people who desire to work in finding job options that match the individuals interest, skills, and abilities.May help people identify specific goals to pursue and develop a plan to help them work toward their goals
IRF-PAI
An assessment of functional independence used to determine rates of prospective payment for patients discharged by inpatient rehabilitation facilities.
OASIS
group of data elements represent core items of a comprehensive assessment for an adult home care patient, form the basis for measuring patient outcomes, and determine agency reimbursement.
Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM)
an individualized measure designed for use by occupational therapists to detect self-perceived change in occupational performance problems over time; includes self care, productivity, and leisure
Executive function Performance Test
a top-down performance assessment designed to examine cognitive integration and functioning. The EFPT serves three purposes:
1) To determine which deficits are impacting function.
2) To determine an individual’s capacity for independent functioning.
3) How much assistance necessary for task complete
Functional Independence Measure (FIM)
Measures the level of a patient’s disability and indicates how much assistance is required for the individual to carry out activities of daily living
Barthel Index
Asses the ability of an individual of a neuromuscular or musculoskeletal disorder to care for him/herself
Ecology of Human Performance (EHP)
Focuses on a person’s context and how the features from the environment or context impact a person’s task performance.
Occupational therapists cannot realize the complexity and uniqueness of the person’s situation without considering the context
Individualized Family Service Plan
A written treatment plan that maps out the EI services your child will receive, as well as how and when these services will be administered
Individualized Educational Program Plan
a plan or program developed to ensure that a child with an identified disability who is attending an elementary or secondary educational institution receives specialized instruction and related services
Section 504 Plan
a plan developed to ensure that a child who has a disability identified under the law and is attending an elementary or secondary educational institution receives accommodations that will ensure their academic success and access to the learning environment
Principle 1: Beneficence
The OT practitioner will contribute to the good health and welfare of the client
Principle 2: Nonmaleficence
The practitioner should not inflict harm on the client.
Ensures that OT practitioners maintain therapeutic relationships that do not exploit clients physically, emotionally, psychologically, socially, sexually, or financially
Principle 3: Autonomy and Confidentiality
Autonomy is the freedom to decide and the freedom to act.
Confidentiality refers to the expectation that information shared by the client with the OT will be kept private and shared only with those directly involved with the intervention
Principle 4: Social Justice
OT practitioners provide services in a fair and equitable manner to all
Principle 5: Procedural Justice
OT practitioners are obligated to comply with the laws and regulations that guide the profession
Principle 6: Veracity
The duty of the healthcare professional to tell the truth
Principle 7: Fidelity (faithfulness)
Describes the interactions between an OT practitioner and his or her colleagues and other professionals.
Includes statements concerning taking measures to discourage, prevent, expose, or correct any breaches of the code
Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)
a deliberate, defined process which is focused on activities that are responsive to community needs and improving population health
Colles’ Fracture
a complete fracture of the radius bone of the forearm close to the wrist resulting in an upward (posterior) displacement of the radius and obvious deformity
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain, often due to infection
ASIA impairment scale (AIS)
Used to determine level of impairment to the spinal cord after an injury.
Results are based on:
sensory testing of each dermatome for right and left sides
manual muscle testing for right and left sides
ASIA impairment scale (AIS A)
complete lesion with no motor or sensory function preserved in the sacral segments S4-S5
ASIA impairment scale (AIS B)
Incomplete lesion with sensory but no motor function preserved below the neurological level; includes the sacral segments S4-S5
ASIA impairment scale (AIS C)
Incomplete lesion with motor function preserved below the neurological level
More than half of key muscles below the neurological level have a muscle grade less than 3 (fair)
ASIA impairment scale (AIS D)
Neurological classification for the level of impairment to the spinal cord after injury, characterized by:
Incomplete lesion with motor function preserved below the neurological level
At least half of key muscles below the neurological level have a muscle grade of 3 (fair) or more strength
ASIA impairment scale (AIS E)
Neurological classification for the level of impairment to the spinal cord after injury, characterized by:
Normal motor and sensory function
Clinical reasoning
Reflective and cognitive process whereby the practitioner integrates information from all aspects of care and interactions to problem solve and understand application of best practice
Procedural reasoning
Professional reasoning that involves using evidence-based evaluation methods and intervention techniques to support progress toward improving occupational performance
Deductive Reasoning
Conclusions drawn based on facts, laws, rules or accepted principles
Analytical Reasoning
Process of interpreting the meaning of information, determining relationships and making assumptions about the information
Inferential Reasoning
Process of drawing conclusions or making logical judgments based on factors, concepts and evidence rather than direct observations
Evaluative Reasoning
Process by which merits of an argument are weighed for their validity and the inherent value of argument itself is critiqued
Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)
a type of treatment to fix a broken bone. It puts the pieces of a broken bone back together so they can heal.
Bay Area Functional Performance Evaluation (BaFPE)
in inpatient and outpatient settings to evaluate the functional performance of psychiatric, brain injured, geriatric, or developmentally disabled adults as well as adolescents in treatment or special education settings. It can be used for treatment, discharge planning, documentation and outcome studies
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
a cognitive screening test designed to assist Health Professionals in the detection of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease
Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors (CHIEF)
Assesses the degree to which elements of physical, social, and political environments act as barriers or facilitators to full participation for people with disabilities.
Home Environmental Assessment Protocol
consists of 192 items that are summed into separate indices representing the number of hazards, adaptations, and level of clutter and comfort in eight areas of the home.
The Housing Enabler (HE)
assesses a person’s functional limitations and the home environment for physical barriers that may threaten accessibility.
Dialectical behavior therapy
A cognitive-behavioral treatment protocol for complex and difficult to treat mental disorders that uses psychotherapy with psychosocial skills training to help individuals tolerate distressful feelings.
The four modules include mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, emotion modulation, and distress tolerance
Diplegia
paralysis of corresponding parts on both sides of the body, typically affecting the legs more severely than the arms.
Hemiplegia
a severe or complete loss of strength or paralysis on one side of the body
Hemiparesis
a mild or partial weakness or loss of strength on one side of the body.
Kyphosis
A forward rounding of the back
Lordosis
(also known as swayback) is when the lower back, above the buttocks, curves inward too much, causing the child’s abdomen to protrude and buttocks to stick out
Scoliosis
is a sideways curvature of the spine
Premotor perseveration
results in repetition of movements and difficulty transitioning from one aspect of an activity to another
Cerebellum
means “little brain,” is primarily involved in coordinating movement and balance.
the part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity
Attention
difficulty screening out irrelevant information and sustaining attention over long periods of time
Memory
typically, good short term memory but working memory is the problem
Executive Function
refers to challenges with organizing, sequencing, planning, and problem solving
Hallucinations
usually occur in acute phases where clients see, hear, smell, taste or even feel something that isn’t really there. Sensory based
Delusions
ideas and beliefs that are strongly held in the mind and account for suspicious and guarded behavior
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
centers on uncovering distorted beliefs and faulty thinking patterns and practicing alternative cognitive and behavior patterns
Assertiveness training
help people reduce anxiety by helping them with interpersonal skills by confronting intimidating situations in a way that offers more personal control. How to initiate, maintain, and end conversations
Attention Based and Disruptive Disorders
presents with difficulty paying attention, listening, organizing, and focusing. They are typically forgetful, easily distracted, fidgety, on the go, difficulty engaging quietly, impulsive, difficult to wait, blurts things out, and often interrupts.
Conduct disorders
involve individuals engaging in high risk or harmful activities that are beyond the typical realm of acting out and involve violating the basic rights of others such as aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, and serious violations of rules
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
involve individuals who cannot follow instructions or take directions. They become anxious, aggressive, or distressed when their sense of control is threatened
Reactive attachment disorder (RAD)
The individual may be inhibited or withdrawn and unable to form attachments with any one person, or disinhibited, or forming attachments with any person
Tardive dyskinesia
causes repetitive, involuntary movements, such as grimacing and eye blinking
Chorea
a neurological disorder characterized by jerky involuntary movements affecting especially the shoulders, hips, and face.
Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
when the head turns to the left, extension of the left arm and leg and flexion of right arm and leg
Symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR)
flexion of the neck results in extension of the arm and flexion of the legs.
Borderline personality disorder
an illness marked by an ongoing pattern of varying moods, self-image, and behavior. These symptoms often result in impulsive actions and problems in relationships.
Narcissistic personality disorder
a mental condition in which people have an inflated sense of their own importance, a deep need for excessive attention and admiration, troubled relationships, and a lack of empathy for others.
Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD)
a mental health condition defined by a person feeling deeply wary of others, always on guard for signs that someone is trying to threaten, mistreat, or deceive them.
Orthostatic hypotension
Sudden drop or decrease in one’s BP usually due to positional change (going from supine to upright)
Autonomic dysreflexia
Following a SCI one may have uncontrolled hypertension due to restrictive clothing, bladder infection, irritable bowel syndrome, etc
Generalization Learning
the application of previously learned concepts and behaviors to similar situations, a cognitive performance component of occupational therapy.
Automaticity
defined as “the ability to recall previously learned or experienced information from memory quickly and accurately without conscious thought
Acquisition
addresses how we gain skills that allow us to function in our environment. It is based on learning theories and views behavior as an adaptive response to the environment.
Advisory leadership
OT functions as a resource to the members, who set the agenda and structure the group’s functioning
Precontemplation
Before an individual even considers change, person resists change.
Contemplation
The individual starts to consider changing, kind of unsure, but considers the pros and cons of changing.
Determination
The drive to at least start to change some behaviors.
Action
Implementing behavioral change
Maintenance
The individual is learning to maintain the changes that they have implemented
The Mendelsohn maneuver
a method of intentionally holding the larynx when the larynx is elevated, so that activation of the suprahyoid muscles is induced
Moro Reflex
This reflex acts as the baby’s “fight or flight” response to the world. This important reflex usually integrates into the adult startle response by four months. (More about the Moro Reflex further in the article)
Rooting Reflex
Stroking a baby’s cheek will cause the child to turn and open the mouth. This helps with breastfeeding. Usually disappears by four months.
Palmer Reflex
This is the automatic flexing of the fingers to grab an object if palm is stimulated. This reflex should integrate by six months.
Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR)
is seen when you lay a baby on its back and turn their head. The arm and leg on the side the child is looking at should extend while the opposite side bends. This response should end by six months.
Spinal Galant
This reflex happens when the skin on the side of an infant’s back is stroked. The child should swing towards that side. The spinal galant should inhibit by nine months.
Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR)
helps with head management and prepares the baby for rolling over, sitting up, crawling, standing and walking. This reflex actually integrates slowly while other core systems mature and should disappear by three and a half years old.
Landau Reflex
helps with posture and is not present at birth. When the child’s head lifts it causes the entire trunk to flex. This reflex emerges by three months and disappears around the first year.
Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR)
this reflex divides the body along the midline to assist with crawling. You can view this reflex by watching the baby’s head drop towards its chest while the arms bend and the legs extend.
Absence Seizure
causes you to blank out or stare into space for a few seconds.
involves brief, sudden lapses in attention
Modified Ashworth Scale
a muscle tone assessment scale used to assess the resistance experienced during passive range of motion
Disinhibition
an impairment associated with limitations in ability to self-regulate socially acceptable behaviors.
Perseveration
the inability to stop an action or activity.
Crepitus
a grating sound or sensation produced by friction between bone and cartilage or the fractured parts of a bone
Angina
chest pain
Dyspnea
shortness of breath
Orthopnea
Shortness of breath while supine
Diaphoresis
clammy skin and cold
Bronchiectasis
a long-term condition where the airways of the lungs become abnormally widened, leading to a build-up of excess mucus that can make the lungs more vulnerable to infection.
Asthma
A condition in which a person’s airways become inflamed, narrow and swell, and produce extra mucus, which makes it difficult to breathe.
Sarcoidosis
a disease characterized by the growth of tiny collections of inflammatory cells (granulomas) in any part of your body
Most patients initially complain of a persistent dry cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath
Orthopnea
shortness of breath while supine
Tachypnea
increased respiratory rate
Apnea
pauses in breathing
Hypoxia
decreased oxygen in the body
Hypoxemia
decreased oxygen in the blood
Anoxia
no oxygen Wheezing
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
increased respirations with moments of apnea
Respiratory arrest
patient stops breathing
Diaphragmatic or abdominal breathing
stomach rises as you inhale & lowers as you exhale
Pursed-lip breathing
smell the flowers, blow out the candle
Tangential speech
describes a situation in which the client moves from topic to topic with a loose pattern of thought.
Tenolysis
surgery to remove adhesions from a tendon.
Redness, swelling, more pain, a lot of bleeding, or any leaking from the incision
Volumeter
designed to objectively measure volume of the body part by using the fluid displacement method.
Individual Placement and Support (IPS)
a supportive employment approach that involves securing a job placement site, then teaching the client the specific job skills for that workplace
Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF)
used to evaluate self-regulation and executive function in adolescents who have neurological or developmental conditions.
Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT)
describes a package of interventions designed to decrease the impact of a stroke on the upper-limb (UL) function of some stroke survivors.
CIMT forces the use of the affected side by restraining the unaffected side.
Emergent Awareness
characterized by difficulty or inability to recognize and correct errors in performance.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
a neurological disorder that impacts voluntary muscle control and muscle strength. As the condition progresses, an orthosis may assist to compensate for hand weakness and promote function.
Work related Carpal Tunnel
occupational factors play a role in tension or pain in the median nerve, particularly work which involves exposure to repetitive movements and/or hand-held vibratory tools.
Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
a tool for measuring an individual’s effort and exertion, breathlessness and fatigue during physical work and so is highly relevant for occupational health and safety practice
Syndactyly Release
surgery to separate fused digits, create a normal web space, and improve both function and esthetics of the hand.
Scaffolding
a cognitive technique where the OTR structures an activity to support for components of the task that are too difficult for the client, and provides an opportunity for the client to successfully complete task components within the client’s capabilities.
Phonation switch
Type of single-switch interface activated by speech or sound, used to operate assistive devices such as computers and environmental control units.
Pneumatic switch
a device that activates or deactivates an electrical signal in a system based on the level of air pressure detected by the component.
Plate switch
the metal plate in front of an electrical switch box through which the plugs or tumblers protrude; responds to minimal force
Dysmetria
a condition in which there is improper measuring of distance in muscular acts
Macular Degeneration
The most common eye condition that leads to low vision. Degeneration of this area of the retina is responsible for impairment to central vision and much of color vision;
Progresses for several years resulting in central scotomas (blindspots)
Diabetic Retinopathy
Occurs when small blood vessels in the retina stop functioning properly; typically results in reduced contrast sensitivity and color vision.
Glaucoma
Causes clouding over the lens of the eye, decreasing the amount of light passing through the lens and limiting vision
Begins with initial loss in the mid peripheral field, progressing toward the center and periphery
