NBCE II Principles (Appleton)

Question 1

Scientific knowledge is considered a collection of:

Answer 1

• Theoretical abstract statements organized to form a theory
• classification systems
• predicting future and explaining past events
• provides explanation of cause of event

Question 2

The concept of “vertebral motor unit” was described by? What is a vertebral motor unit?

Answer 2

• Junghanns

- a spinal fixation is a vertebral motor unit that has lessened mobility

Question 3

Who is the “father” of homeopathy

Answer 3

Hahnemann

Question 4

Most common type of complex nerve ending found in joint capsules and ligaments

Answer 4

• Ruffini

- Joint receptors include complex nerve endings, free nerve ending and Vater-Pacini corpuscles.

Question 5

Discriminative mechanoreception and proprioception is a function of:

Answer 5

• Encapsulated receptors
• Axons with fast conduction velocity
• Receptor specificity

Question 6

Sensory tactile receptors include:

Answer 6

• Hair follicle
• Meissner corpuscle
• Ruffini corpuscle
• Pacinian corpuscle

Question 7

What is the muscle spinal a receptor for

Answer 7

Peripheral receptor of proprioception

Question 8

Glefan and Tarlov were the first neurophysiologists to document that:

Answer 8

• Large nerve fibers are more susceptible to compression than smaller fibers and the latency of inactivation can be graded
• They studied the side effects of various pressures applied to nerve roots of dogs

Question 9

How much compression of compound action potentials of dorsal roots reduces the initial values by half? Who studied this effect? What does this work document?

Answer 9

• 20 mmHg
• Sharpless
• The extreme sensitivity of nerve roots to compression

Question 10

Crelin’s research did not consider the phenomenon of:

Answer 10

• axoplasmic transport

- the concept that nerves fail under increasing tensile load

Question 11

What concept is replacing the bony misalignment concept? Who proposed this concept?

Answer 11

• Spinal fixation

- Irvin Korr although first mention dates to Heironymus in 1746

Question 12

A vertebra may be fixed in a normal or abnormal position falls under what hypothesis

Answer 12

The fixation hypothesis

Question 13

What is the fixation hypothesis

Answer 13

-holds that one type of subluxation is recognized by lessened mobility, soft tissue involvement, aberrant neural reflexes and segmental facilitation

Question 14

What is subthreshold stimuli

Answer 14

-An enduring subliminal central excitatory state

Question 15

What fibers supply nociceptive receptors

Answer 15

• A (alpha)

- C fibers

Question 16

Pain pathways that are discriminative include:

Answer 16

• Spinothalamic tract
• Dorsal column
• Spinocervical tract

Question 17

What is the spinocerebellar tract important for

Answer 17

• proprioception

- NOT pain

Question 18

The Korr model of spinal fixation includes:

Answer 18

• CNS increased gain of gammamotorneuron in response to external forces
• results in spasm of muscle

Question 19

What affects pathogenesis of spinal fixation

Answer 19

• organization of CNS into neuronal pools
• descending inhibition
• antidromic discharge

Question 20

What is associated with vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency

Answer 20

• Dizziness
• Symptoms of Barré-Lieau
• “drop attacks”
• Migraine

Question 21

Vertebral arteries are especially vulnerable to deflection and obstruction by subluxation of:

Answer 21

• C1
• Atlas laterality is often associated with vertebral artery deflection, although atlantoaxial facet subluxation has been implicated as well

Question 22

Symptoms of Barré-Lieau syndrome:

Answer 22

• Headache
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Nystagmus
• Suboccipital tenderness

Question 23

What sign is considered pathognomonic for VBAI

Answer 23

• Temporary quadriplegia on cervical extension and rotation

- Instantaneous, temporary quadriplegia on cervical extension and rotation is called “drop attack”

Question 24

What are risk factors for cerebrovascular accident following manipulation:

Answer 24

• unilateral vertebral artery obstruction by congenital or developmental factors
• degenerative discs in the lower cervical spine
• osteophytic outgrowths for zygapophyses
• atherosclerosis

Question 25

Which hypothesis states that it can be blocked by pressure of 50 mmHg

Answer 25

Axoplasmic transport (AXT)

Question 26

Why is axoplasmic transport important?

Answer 26

• It is essential for neuromuscular development and maintenance
• AXT includes anterograde and retrograde transport of various chemicals essential for nerve maintenance

Question 27

Pathophysiology of SIDS includes:

Answer 27

• Hypoxia
• Abnormal gliosis in brain stem
• Atlas posterior arch inverted through foramen magnum on cervical extension
• Sleep apnea

Question 28

Autonomic imbalance is suggested in angina pectoris by research showing that:

Answer 28

• dorsal manipulation improves angiogram and reduces pain of angina
• spontaneous vasospasm of coronary arteries was relieved my manipulation

Question 29

Mechanisms of allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis support early investigations by osteopaths because:

Answer 29

• beta adrenergic hyperactivity suggests autonomic imbalance
• autoantibodies to beta receptors are present
• cholinergic hypersensitivity is seen
• In pt’s with seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis, autoantibodies to beta adrenergic receptors are associated with beta adrenergic hyperactivity and cholinergic hypersensitivity

Question 30

McKnight and DeBoer showed that chiropractic care had an affect on normotensive student showed:

Answer 30

• statistically significant but clinically insignificant changes after manipulation
• Although reduction in blood pressure was only statistically significant, few experienced clinically significant reductions as well