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NB1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What artery runs through the cavernous sinus?

A

ICA : The internal carotid artery

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2
Q

What are supplies the lateral cortex?

A

The middle cerebral artery

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3
Q

What area of the cortex processes the primary visual cortex?

A

Brodmann area 17

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4
Q

Retinitis Pigmentosa

A

Photoreceptors degenerate due to apoptosis, causing a gradual loss of vision

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5
Q

The Lesser Petrosa nerve is a branch of

A

CN IX Glossalpharyngeal nerve

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6
Q

What is the Innervation of the Posterior 2/3 of the Auricle(Pinna)?

A

C2-C3 The Great auricular nerve and the lesser occipital nerve C2.

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7
Q

Innervation of the Anterior 2/3 of the Auricle:

A

Auriculotemporal nerve(V3) w/ small contributions from CN VII and CN X.

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8
Q

Innervation of the External Acoustic Meatus:

A

Auriculotemporal nerve V3 EXCEPT a small area via CN X

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9
Q

CN X

A

Vagus Nerve

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10
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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11
Q

CN XI

A

Spinal Accessory Nerve

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12
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal Nerve

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13
Q

Translucent membrane separating the external meatus from the middle ear:

A

Tympanic Membrane

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14
Q

Innervation of the External Surface of the Tympanic Membrane

A

CN V3 Auriculotemporal nerve except for a small area which is innervated by CN VII and CN X

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15
Q

Innervation of the Internal Surface of the Tympanic Membrane

A

Tympanic Plexus, CN IX

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16
Q

The three branches of CN V

A

V1 Ophthalmic
V2 Maxillary
V3 Mandibular Nerve which includes the auriculotemporal

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17
Q

Upon otoscopic exam the cone of light seen at 5’ o clock means Dr. is examining the________ ear

A

Right Ear

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18
Q

Upon otoscopic exam the cone of light seen at 7’ o clock means Dr. is examining the________ ear

A

Left Ear

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19
Q

Major Nerve of the Middle Ear:

A

Chorda Tympani

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20
Q

The three ossicles of the Middle Ear:

A

Malleus, Incus and Stapes

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21
Q

what structure connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

A

Pharygnotympanic tube

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22
Q

What two structures of the middle ear help to dampen sound?

A

The Stapedius muscle and the Tensor tympani tendon

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23
Q

Cells in the ear that are separated by the Posterior wall of the middle ear:

A

Mastoid ear cells

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24
Q

Describe The Floor of the Middle ear

A

Base of skull near jugular foramen

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25
Q

what structure runs on top of the facial nerve in the middles ear?

A

The Prominence of lateral semicircular canal

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26
Q

The oval window in the middle ear is located on the ______ wall.

A

Medial Wall

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27
Q

A nerve that branches from the anterior wall of the middle ear :

A

Lesser Petrosal Nerve a branch of CN IX

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28
Q

Which nerves make up the Tympanic Plexus?

A

Tympanic Nerve from CN IX and Internal Carotid plexus branches

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29
Q

Where does the Lesser petrosal nerve of the middle ear synapse?

A

at Otic ganglion

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30
Q

What nerve fibers does the tympanic nerve carry to the parotid gland?

A

Sensory afferents from the middle ear & Preganglionic parasympathetic

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31
Q

A branch of the facial nerve that runs between the Malleus and the Incus of the Lateral of the Middle ear:

A

Chorda Tympani Nerve

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32
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetics to lacrimal & mucosal glands via pterygopalatine ganglion

A

Greater Petrosal Nerve

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33
Q

Chorda Tympani is a branch of ___carries ________fibers from Anterior 2/3 of the tongue AND ____ ____ ___ innervation for submandibular and sublingual glands.

A

CN VII(Facial Nerve), Efferent preganglionic parasympathetic

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34
Q

What is the motor function of the Facial Nerve?

A

Carries Motor fibers to the stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric, muscles of facial expression

35
Q

Middle ear is located in

A

the petrous portion of temporal bone

36
Q

Anterior wall of the middle ear separates ____ from _____

A

Middle ear from internal carotid artery

37
Q

The posterior Wall of the middle ear separates ___ from __

A

middle ear cavity from the internal jugular vein

38
Q

The two branches of CN VIII of the Inner Ear:

A
  1. Vestibular branch( balance & equilibrium)
  2. Cochlear (hearing)
39
Q

Clinical significance if there is a disruption of the ossicular chain:

A

Conductive Hearing Loss

40
Q

Weber’s test completed and patient hears the sound more in the Right ear than the Left ear which ear is effected?

A

The Right Ear

41
Q

Injury to the ossicles can lead to what kind of hearing loss?

A

conductive hearing loss

42
Q

Clinical significance of the Round Window?

A

Cochlear Implant

43
Q

Tympanostomy tubes can be placed in the ____ of the ear.

A

Tympanic membrane

44
Q

A tympanic neurectomy occurs within the ______.

A

Tympanic plexus

45
Q

A patient that comes in complaining of dry mouth and abnormal salivation may have an issue with their____

A

Chorda Tympani

46
Q

Failure of the central cells of the metal plug to canalize:_______

A

Atresia of the External acoustic meatus

47
Q

Remnants of the 1st pharyngeal groove present anterior to the auricle:

A

Auricular sinuses/ pits

48
Q

Malformation of the 6 auricular hillocks, three from the 1st arch and three from the 2nd arch of mesenchyme tissue can lead to:

A

Auricular sinuses and cysts

49
Q

The three germ layers of the tympanic membrane are

A

Ectoderm (1st groove)
Endoderm (1st pouch)
Mesoderm invades in between

50
Q

Microtia

A

A rudimentary auricle

51
Q

Which germ layer develops in to the external tympanic membrane?

A

Ectoderm of the 1st groove

52
Q

The embryological origin of the internal tympanic membrane

A

Endoderm of the 1st pouch

53
Q

What structure of the external ear becomes fully developed at age 9?

A

The External Acoustic Meatus

54
Q

Ossicles develop by :

A

endochondral ossification

55
Q

What ear bones are adult size at birth?

A

the auditory ossicles

56
Q

What is the embryological origin of the Malleus, incus bones & Tensor tympani muscle?

A

1st arch cartilage and 1st arch

57
Q

What structure of the middle ear developed from the 2nd arch cartilage?

A

The Stapes

58
Q

What middle ear structure developed from the 2nd arch?

A

The Stapedius

59
Q

____ ___ develops from the distal expanded part of the tubotympanic recess arising from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

A

The Middle Ear

60
Q

The otic vesicle, derived from the ectoderm will give rise to the membranous labyrinth, describes development of __ ___ ___.

A

The Internal Ear

61
Q

Mesenchyme surrounding this structure _____ _____ is activated to condense and differentiate into a cartilaginous ___ ___

A

otic vesicle, otic capsule

62
Q

What makes up the bony labyrinth of the ear?

A

Cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals

63
Q

how are the bony labyrinths of the ear formed in embryological life?

A

The cartilaginous otic capsule undergoes ossification

64
Q

Contraction of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles that occurs in response to high intensity sound is:

A

The Attenuation Reflex

65
Q

Innervation of the stapedius muscle:

66
Q

CN V innervates this muscle involved in the attenuation reflex

A

tensor tympani

67
Q

Brodmann Area for the Primary Auditory Cortex

A

Brodmann Area 41 & 42

68
Q

The PNS of the Auditory Pathway is innervated by ______

A

CN VIII Vestibulo-cochlear nerve aka auditory nerve

69
Q

The auditory nerve enters the brainstem at the level of the ____ -_____ _____.

A

Ponto-medullary junction

70
Q

Disruption of the conduction of sound vibration through the external auditory canal and middle ear can lead to:

A

Conductive Hearing Loss

71
Q

Sensorineural Hearing loss can occur when

A

there is a lesion of the Organ of Corti or the Vestibo-cochlear nerve(Auditory Nerve, CN VIII)

72
Q

Vestibular Schwannoma causes what type of hearing loss?

A

Sensorineural

73
Q

Meniere’s Disease causes what type of hearing loss?

A

Sensorineural

74
Q

Angular acceleration in the ear is detected by:

A

Semicircular canals

75
Q

A physiological nystagmus that happens during head rotation:

A

Vestibulo- ocular nystagmus

76
Q

Rhythmically alternating eye movements:

77
Q

The SLOW phase of a Nystagmus is driven by:

A

The vestibulo-ocular reflex

78
Q

A nystagmus is defined by the _____ phase

A

Fast phase

79
Q

Accumulation of prion proteins w/ Beta - pleated sheets

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

80
Q

Elevated VMA in urine is due to breakdown of _____ neurotransmitter

A

Norepineprhine or Epinephrine

81
Q

Excessive Dopamine Metabolism can lead to ___ in urine

82
Q

GABA transaminase is responsible for

A

degradation of GABA

83
Q

Tympanic Membrane is innervated by the _______ nerve which provides sensory innervation.

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX

84
Q

Where are Vestibular nuclei found?

A

In the postero-lateral medulla.

Nb1 (2 decks)

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