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NB1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurons

A

Cells that transmit nerve impulses

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2
Q

What are glia

A

Non-neuronal cells in the central and peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses

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3
Q

What are microglia

A

Macrophages found in the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What consist of the central nervous system

A

Brain, brain stem, and spinal cord

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5
Q

What consist of the peripheral nervous system

A

All the nerves in the body that are found outside the spinal cord

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6
Q

What is the term for ribosomes in the cell body of a neurone

A

Nissl bodies

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7
Q

What is the term for cell body of a neurone

A

Perikaryon

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8
Q

Function of glial cells

A

-Provide structural support and myelin to the nervous system

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9
Q

Function of astrocytes

A

Provide structural support / blood brain barrier

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10
Q

Function of oligodendrocytes

A

Form myelin in central nervous system

Schwann cells in PNS

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11
Q

Function of ependymal cells

A

Line the ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

Function of microglia

A

Macrophages of the brain (phagocytic)

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13
Q

Cells that give rise to brain tumours

A

Glial cells give rise to gliomas

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14
Q

What is the cerebrum

A
  • Consist of right and left cerebral hemisphere

- Has 4 lobes : Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

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15
Q

What is the brainstem

A
  • Final part of brain before spinal cord begins

- Divided into 3 parts; (from top to bottom - Midbrain, Pons, Medulla)

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16
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

Posterior aspect of the brain/brainstem

17
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of

A

Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum

18
Q

What is grey matter

A

Neural tissue that is grey in colour and is comprised of neural cell bodies

19
Q

What is white matter

A

Neural tissue that is white in colour and is compromised of myelinated axon

20
Q

What is cortex

A

Outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres, composed of folds of grey matter

21
Q

What is gyrus

A

Convex fold of grey matter (mountains)

22
Q

What is sulcus

A

Concave folds of grey matter (valleys)

23
Q

What does association fibres do

A

Interconnect cortical sites within one cerebral hemisphere

24
Q

What does commissural fibres (corpus callosum) do

A

Run from one cerebral hemisphere to the other

25
Q

What does projection fibres do

A

Pass from cerebral cortex to subcortical structures

26
Q

Definition:

  1. ipsilateral
  2. contralateral
  3. decussate
A
  1. on the same side
  2. on the opposite side
  3. to switch from one side to another
27
Q

What are cranial nerves

A

A set of 12 pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain

28
Q

What are spinal nerves

A

Nerves that exit from the spinal cord (below brainstem)

29
Q

Difference between afferent & efferent neurone

A

Afferent is a 3 neurone pathway while efferent is a 2 neurone pathway

30
Q

Meningeal layers

A 
Skin
Bone
-Dura mater
-Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Trabeculae
-Pia mater
Blood vessel
Cerebral cortex
White matter

note: ‘-‘ are the actual meninges

31
Q

What is pia mater (soft)

A

Very outer layer of brain tissue and intimately connected with the brain

32
Q

What is arachnoid mater (spidery)

A

Thin, transparent tissue that covers brain specimen

Overlies sulcus

33
Q

What is dura mater (hard)

A

Thick, fibrous connnective tissue associated with skull and form partitions between hemispheres

34
Q

What does ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm become

A

Ectoderm - all epidermis and nervous system
Mesoderm - bone, muscle, connective tissue and dermis
Endoderm - inner lining of GI tract; respiratory tract

35
Q

Places in the embryonic disc that has ectoderm and endoderm only

A
  1. Oropharyngeal membrane - dissolves; anterior is stomodeum which give rise to mouth
  2. Cloacal membrane - posterior is proctodeum which gives rise to anus
36
Q

What does neural crest cells contribute to

A
  1. Neurons and glial cells of the sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
  2. The epinephrine-producing (medulla) cells of the adrenal gland
  3. The pigment-containing cells of the epidermis
  4. Many of the skeletal and connective tissue components of the head
37
Q

Describe zipping process

A
  • Begins at day 22
  • Tube close completely at the cranial end 3 or 4 days later and at the tail (caudal) end 2 to 3 days subsequently (day 27)
  • Neurulation is complete - CNS is a closed tube - narrow caudal end = spinal cord
  • Broader region at head region = brain

NB (4 decks)

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