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Rando Quizes Neuro > NB 2 CRAM > Flashcards

NB 2 CRAM Flashcards

1
Q

11⁄2 Syndrome

A

Cause: Lesion of PPRF & MLF on one side due to infarction ormultiple sclerosisSymptoms: Inability of ipsilater eye to perform horizonal eye movements & of contralateral eye to adduct normally (usually exhibiting nystagmus on terminal abduction)

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2
Q

Alcohol detoxification

A

Symptoms: Develop 3-8 hours after they are deprived from alcohol. Increased NorE (Hyperhidrosis, tachycardia, hypertension, tremor). Increased dopamine (psychotic symptoms). Increased glutamate (epileptic seizures). Withdrawal symptoms typically last 5-7 days. 5% develop delirium 2-3 days after they’ve stopped drinking & in some cases it can be fatal.

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3
Q

Alcoholic polyneuropathy

A

Cause: Due to toxic effect of alcohol or associated nutritional deficiency (e.g. B1 [thiamin] deficiency)Symptoms: Symmetric loss. Starts w/ sensory loss in distal foot & leg. Later motor loss in lower leg.

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4
Q

Alexia

A

Cause: Damage in splenium (posterior part of corpus callosum) causing a disconnection between visual & language systemSymptoms: Patient’s can’t read in left visual field b/c visual input can’t get to language centers on left side of brain

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5
Q

Alzheimers disease

A

Cause: Loss of neurons (selective of dopamine, noradrenergic, & cholinergic), most notably in hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, association cortices, basal nucleus of MeynertSymptoms:Histological signs: (1) Neuritic Senile Plauqes: Extracellular deposits containing neuritic & glial processes w/ central core of amyloid beta protein (chromosome 21) due to additional cleavage of beta chain by beta-secretase & gamma-secretase (normally just alpha-secretase) (2) Neurofibrillary tangles: Intracellular paired helical fragments due to hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins (stabalize MAPs) that occurs during neuron degeneration (3) Granulovacular degeneration: Intracellular circular zones of cytoplasm

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6
Q

Amnesia (anterograde)

A

Inability to form new memories

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7
Q

Amnesia (retrograde)

A

Loss of old memories

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8
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s Disease)

A

Cause: LMN (weakening & later destruction) with damage to parts of pyramidal tract & precentral gyrus laterSymptoms: Begins asLMN syndromein one or both hands.LMN syndromeprogresses all other motor neurons (e.g. arms, legs, bulbar motor nuclei)Prognosis: Death 3-5 years after diagnosis

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9
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A

Cause: X-linked recessive in which androgen receptor for testosterone is defectiveSymptoms: If XY testes develop but don’t descend b/c testosterone produced has no effect. Normal female external genitalia, primary amenorrhea, sparse to absent development of pubic or axillary hair, female breasts & body shape, have female sexual identity

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10
Q

Anterior spinal artery syndrome

A

Cause: Blockage of anterior spinal artery. Resutls in lesioning of LMN in anterior horn (corticospinal tracts) & ALS.Symptoms:UMN syndrome, Loss of pain & temp, Urine retention, Sexual function impaired

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11
Q

Athetosis

A

Cause: May accompany ahemiplagiaSymptoms: Slow writhing abnormal movements of limbs, trunk, head, face, or tongue

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12
Q

Atonic bladder

A

Cause: Lesion of dorsal nerve roots of sacral segmentsSymptoms: Fullness sensation of bladder lost, incontinence, dribbline, no mictrition reflex

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13
Q

Automatic bladder

A

Cause: Transection of spinal cord w/ reovery of reflexes in sacral segmentsSymptoms: Bladder fills to threshold pressure & spontaneous reflex leads to emptying

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14
Q

Ballismus

A

Cause: Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus (so symptoms usually unilateral→hemiballismus). Dopamine receptor agonists can also cause ballismus due to overactivity of direct & underactivity of indirect pathways.Symptoms: Rapid, exaggerated, flinging, or abnormal rotation of limb on side contralateral to the lesion

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15
Q

Binuclear Ophthalmoplegia

A

Cause: Bilateral MLF lesionSymptoms: Inability to adduct either eye upon horizontal gaze (convergence intact b/c center responsible for that is usually intact)

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16
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Cause: Likely polygenetic with a psychodynamic aspectSymptoms: Severe cyclic mood changes (severe highs followed by lows). If maniac periods aren’t treated in time they may develop into psychosis.Brain activity: Area in prefrontal cortex below genu in corpus callosum has reduced activity during depressive phase & increased during manic phase.Treatment: Mood stabalizers, pyschotherapy, antidepressants

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17
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

Same asFacial palsy.

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18
Q

Brain death

A

Characterized by: Not responsive to stimuli, No spontaneous respiration, pupils dilated & unreactive to light, No vestibulo-ocular reflex, No corneal reflex, Isoelectric EEG

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19
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Cause: Lesion of Broca’s area [44-pars opercularis, 45-pars triangularis]Symptoms: Speech & writing are difficult with missed syllables. Repetition & naming are abnormal but better than spontaneous speech. Comprehension is only slightly affected.

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20
Q

Brown Sequard Syndrome

A

Cause: Hemisection of spinal cordSymptoms: IpsilateralLMN syndrome@ level of lesion &UMN syndromebelow level of lesion. Contralateral loss of pain & temp. Ipsilateral loss of touch, vibration, & propioreception.

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21
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

Cause: Compression of median nerve in carpal tunnel (tendon of flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorume longus & brevis)Symptoms: Pain or tingnling sensation in hands radiating up arm, Weakness & wasting of innervated muscles,Population: Women more likely

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22
Q

Cataplexy (parasomnia)

A

Symptoms: Partial or complete sleep paralysis of skeletal muscle (flaccid w/ areflexia) @ start or end of sleep. Awareness preserved. Most last few seconds.Population: Common in narcolepsy. Mostly in children.

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23
Q

Central medullary syndrome

A

Cause: Usually pathological cyst that usually develops ventrally & usually in the cervical cord that increases pressure on vetral horns & the anterior white commisureSymptoms:LMN syndrome& loss of pain & temp at level of cyst, stiffness, headaches, & possibley ANS disfunction

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24
Q

Cerebellar lesions (alcohol)

A

Cause: Loss of neurons (particullarly Purkinje cells) in cerebellar cortex of anterior lobe of & some parts of vermis & gliosis, most likely due to malnutritionSymptoms: Dysmetria of legs, truncal ataxia, lurching gait, intention tremor of trung & legs (NOT arms). Nystagmus, dysarthria, & hypotonia NOT common.Treatment: Alcohol abstinence, improved nutrition. There is improvement but recovery is incomplete.

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25
Q

Cerebellar lesions (cerebro- cerebellum)

A

Cause: Lesion of cerebro cerebellum (plans & times movement, important in learning sequents movements [e.g. piano])Symptoms: Ipsilateral hypotonia, dysdiadochokinesia, rebound phenomenon, dysmetria, intention tremor. Ataxia, decomposition of movement, dysarthria.

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26
Q

Cerebellar lesions (spino- cerebellum)

A

Cause: Lesion of spino cerebellum (organizes posture & limb movement)Symptoms: Imbalance (fall to side of lesion), Gait ataxia, Arm ataxia

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27
Q

Cerebellar lesions (vestibulo-cerebellum)

A

Cause: Lesion of vestibulo cerebellum (balance, head & eye movement organization)Symptoms: Truncal ataxia, wide based stance, can’t walk heel-to-toe, Nystagmus, Titubation (head nodding), Head tilt.

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28
Q

Cerebellar Stroke

A

Cause: Usually one sided so symptoms occur on ipsilateral side of lesionSymptoms: Limb & truncal ataxia, dysarthria, intention tremor, limb dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, rebound phenomenon.Other symptoms (due to damage in region of infarct): Ipsilateral facial weakness & sensory loss.

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29
Q

Cerebellar Tumor (midline)

A

Cause: Tumor (astrocytoma) in cerebellar midlineSymptoms: Increased ICP (headache, vomiting, papilledema, hydrocephalus). Wide based stance, truncal ataxia, hypotonia (enequal on two sides). Balance disorder (can’t tandem walk-heel to toe). Nystagmus.Population: Most commen in children (occuring in 1st decade)

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30
Q

Coma

A

Characterized by: Deep state of unconsciousness. Person is alive but not able to move or respond to environmental stimuli.Glasgow coma scale: Score 3-15. 90% <=8 are in coma & 50% likely to die in 6-8hr. 9-11 moderate severity. >12 minor.Eye Response: (1) No eye opening (2) Eye opening to pain (3) Eye open to verbal command (4) Eye open spontaneousVerbal Response: (1) No verbal response (2) Incomprehensible sound (3) Inapproriate words (4) Confused (5) OrientedMotor Response: (1) No motor response (2) Extension to pain (3) Flexion to pain (4) Withdrawal from pain (5) Localizing pain (6) Obeys commands

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31
Q

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)

A

Cause: Injury resulting persistent pain even after healing either by persistent sypathetic activity or sensitization of noiceptors to norepinephrineSymptoms: Persistent pain, increased sweating

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32
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Cause: Damage to arcuate fasciculus (connects Wernicke’s [22] & Broca’s areas [44, 45]).Symptoms: Patient can understand what is said but can’t repeat it. When the patient is talking they will recognize mistakes but in their attempts to correct them will only make more.

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33
Q

Corticobulbar fiber damage

A

Cause: E.g. Posterior limb of internal capsule infaractionSymptoms: Contralateral tongue deviation, Deviation of eyes towards side of lesion, Contralateral lower facial muscle paralysis (patient is still able to wrinkle forhead on both sides)

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34
Q

Creutzfeld-Jacob disease

A

Cause: Prion disease resulting in spongiform appearance of cortex

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35
Q

Decerebrate posturing

A

Cause: Lesion below the red nucleus (rostral midbrain)Symptoms: Painful stimulus results in extension of arms & legs

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36
Q

Decorticate posturing

A

Cause: Lesion above the red nucleus (rostral midbrain)Symptoms: Painful stimulus results in flexion of arms & extension of legs

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37
Q

Dementia pugilistica

A

Cause: Repetitive head trauma

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38
Q

Diabetes Insipidus (central)

A

Cause: Lesion of supraoptic or paraventricular nuclei (e.g. head injury) resulting in reduced ADH secretionSymptoms: Excessive thrist, large urine volume

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39
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Cause: Insulin deficiency causes hyperglycemia, which can cause peripheral neuropathiesSymptoms: Sensory (pain & temp) loss (usually symmetric & begins in legs b/c small unmyelinated DRG cells vulnerable to hyperglycemia), Motor disfunction (usually asymmetric), ANS neuropathy.

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40
Q

Drug-induced Dyskinesia (Chorea)

A

Cause: Side effect of L-Dopa, Some anticonvulsangs or antispychotic drugs, which ehance dopaminergic transmission in basal gangliaSymptoms: Ususally choreic movement, Sometimes dysonias (e.g. facial grimacing or eye closure)

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41
Q

Drug-induced Parkinsonism

A

Cause: Drugs that block dopamine receptors or dopamine release.Symptoms: Parkinson’s disease like sypmtoms that resolve after withdrawal of the drugs

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42
Q

Dyslexia

A

Cause: Can be inherent or aquired (damage to left lobe). Have smaller cells in magnocellular layers of lateral geniculate nucleus (depth & motion)NEUROSCIENCE: Diseases Symptoms: Problems with print to sound translation, tendency to read words backword, inability to process transient sensory input quickly

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43
Q

Dysthmyia

A

Symptoms:Less severe when compared to major depression. Non-disabling long-term symptoms that result in the patient not function or feeling well.

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44
Q

Dystonia

A

Symptoms: Muscle spasm or sustained posture that are usually segmental resulting in hypertrophy

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45
Q

Emotions (Frontal lobe damage)

A

Symptoms: Indulgence, Irreverence, Impatient

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46
Q

Emotions (Temporal lobe damage)

A

Symptoms: Taming, Flattening of emotion, Increased sexual behavior, Loss of some learned fear response

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47
Q

Epilepsy

A

Primary: No clear cause, no aura, no focal symptomsSecondary: Seizure originates from a focal group: (1) Partial-no consciousness alteration (2) Secondary generalized-consciousness alteration (3) Primary generalized. There is usually an aura preceding onset of parial seizures.Treatment: Reduce Na+ channels [Phenytoin,carbamazepine], Enhance GABA [benzodiazapine,barbituates]

48
Q

Epilepsy (Psychomotor)

A

Cause: Seizures originating in temporal lobeSymptoms: Olfactory or gustatory hallucinations, followed by mood change, & lapse into dreamy state. Finally a motor phase. After recovery patients can’t recall the experince.

49
Q

Facial palsy

A

Cause: Lesion of corticobulbar tract, facial nuclues, or facial nerveSymptoms: (1) Corticobulbar tract: Contralateral lower face paralysis (2)

50
Q

Fatal familial insomnia

A

Cause: Prion disease. Selective atrophy of some thalamic nuclei, malfunction of ANS (↑Sympathetics).Symptoms: Progressive untreatable insomnia. Also has motor signs, memory & attention deficit.

51
Q

Friedreich’s ataxia

A

Cause: Spincerebellar degradationSymptoms: Onset in 1st or 2nd decade. Progressive limb & gait ataxia. Absent deep tendon reflexes & sensory axonal neuropathy.Histological signs: Atrophy of dorsal columns, corticospinal tracts, & spinocerebellar tracts

52
Q

Frohlich Syndrome

A

Cause: Ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome due to damageSymptoms: Disorder of caloric balance charaterized by obesity (besides other symptoms)

53
Q

Gerstmann syndrome

A

Cause: Lesion of angular gyrus (Area 39), which translates visual patters into meaningful informationSymptoms: Reading & writing very abnormal while Naming is often abnormal

54
Q

Global aphasia

A

Symptoms: Can’t produce or understand language in any form

55
Q

Grand Mal Seizure

A

Symptoms: A primary generalized seizure (1) Tonic phase-30s (2) Clonic phase-1-2min jerking (3) Postictal phase-sleepy disoriented, headache, muscle soreness,

56
Q

Guillain-Barre

A

Cause: Autoimmune disorder following viral respiratory or GI infections resulting in demylenation of PNSSymptoms: Progressive muscle weakness & paralysis. Usually have good recovery.Population: Males more commonDiagnosis: Protein in CSF (100-300mg/dL), NCV (nerve conduction velocity), EMG (electromyography), Plasma exchangeTreatment: Immune globulin

57
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Symptoms: Gait in which one arm held flexed & ipsilateral leg is extended so arm does not swing & leg is swung around to clear ground. May have athetosis.

58
Q

Hirschsprung’s Disease

A

Cause: Reduced motility in distal colon due to parasympathetic dysfunctionSymptoms: Feces gets trapped causing abnormal dilation (megacolon)

59
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A

Cause: Reduced ipsiliataral sympathetic activity (1) Lesion of hyothalamospinal pathway (2) Compession of sympathetic chain [e.g. apical lung tumor] (3) Postganglion lesion [e.g. tumor in cavernous sinus]Symptoms: Ipsilateral miosis, ptosis, ahydrosis

60
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

Cause: Bilateral degeneration of striatal neurons with D2 receptors resulting in underactivity of indirect pathway due to excessive # of CAG repeats on chromosme 4 (autosomal dominant)Symptoms: Bilateral dyskinesia, involuntary movement of head, arms, & legs, hypotonia, depressionHistological signs: Striatel atrophy w/ preferential loss of spiny neurons w/ D2 receptors. There is also a reduction in GABA & glutamate decarboxylase.Treatment: (1) Antidepressants to manage depression associated w/ HD. (2) Haloperidol [D2 anatgonist] will increase indirect pathway activity but may lead to difficulty swallowing, speaking, and walking.

61
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Cause: Lesion of anterior hypothalamusSymptoms: Increase in metabolism, shivering, peripheral vasoconstriction (reduce heat loss)

62
Q

Hypnagogic hallucinations

A

Symptoms: Pre-sleep dreams.Population: Common innarcolepsy.

63
Q

Hypothermia

A

Cause: Lesion of posterior hypothalamusSymptoms: Decrease in metabolism & motor activity, peripheral vasodilation (increase heat loss)

64
Q

Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (MLF

A

Cause: Lesion of MLFSymptoms: Inability to adduct eye on ipsilateral side of the lesion during horizontal gaze (convergence maintained)

65
Q

Jet lag

A

Cause: Sudden change of light dark cylce different from internal clockSymptoms: Night time insomnia, daytime sleepiness (since clock is slow flights east are harder to recover from)Treatment: 1-3mg melatonin in evening one hour before going to bed

66
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

Sames asEmotions (Temporal lobe damage)

67
Q

Kuru

A

Symptoms: Prion disease

68
Q

Lambert Eaton Syndrome

A

Cause: Autoimmune (x-linking) Vgated Ca2+ channels in motor neuron terminals (often in small [oat] cell lung cancer)Symptoms: Muscle weakness that improves with activity, Reflexes usually decreasedTreatment:4-aminopyridine,Calcium gluconate, Plasma exchange, Tumor removal

69
Q

Lead poisoning

A

Cause: Lead in system via lungs, skin, or gutSymptoms (adult): Focal weakness of extensors of fingers, wrist & arms. Bilateral arm weakness & wasting in chronic cases. Virtually no sensory symptoms. Memory & concentration problems.Symptoms (children <6yo): Encephalopathy, Reduced IQ, ADD, Learning disability. High levels can cause mental retardation, como, or death.Symptoms (infants): Encephalopathy

70
Q

Leprocy (Hansen’s Disease)

A

Cause: Infection w/ mycobacterium leprae preferentially proliferate in interior of unmyelinated axons causing nerve compression & ischemiaSymptoms: Skin lesions, Profound sensory lossTransfer: Prolonged contact w/ infected individual. Enters through skin lesion.

71
Q

LMN syndrome

A

Cause: Any disease process that can damage a LMN (e.g. Amoyotrophic lateral sclerosis, peripheral nerve damage, ect.)Symptoms: Hyporeflexia/areflexia, Flaccid paralysis, Muscle wasting, Fasciculations (sponataneous twitches), Fibrillations (EMG recordings of fasciculations)

72
Q

Locked in Syndrome

A

Cause: Usually develops after blockage of basilar artery resulting in enormous pontine infarctionSymtpoms: Complete paralysis of voluntary muslces in all parts of body except for those that control verticle eye movements (mesencephalic reticular formation in midbrain organizes verticle eye movements), Fully aware & able to think

73
Q

Louis-Bar Syndrome

A

Cause: Autosomal recessive disorder on chromosome 11 that causes massive loss of Purkinje cells in cerebellar cortexSymptoms (motor): Ataxia at first walking, dysarthria, facial weakness, oculomotor weakness, delayed motor developmentSymptoms (other): Growth & sexual development retardation, Immune deficiency, Death within 3 decades

74
Q

Major Depression

A

Symptoms: Inability to work, focus, eat, sleep, & enjoy pleasurable activities

75
Q

Mid-Pontine syndrome

A

Cause: Reduced blood flow to anteromediallateral pons due to (1) Short circumferential branches of basilar arterySymptoms: (1) Hemiataxia (ipsilateral) (2) Heimplegia (contralateral) (3) Hemianesthesia of face (ipsilateral) (4) Hemiplegia of muscle of mastication (ipsilateral)

76
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Description: Autoimmune (Type IV Hypersensitivity[delayed type], may be due tomolecular mimicry)Symptoms: Vision loss [CN II only CN affected], Diplopia [Processes affecting conjugate eye movements affected], Muscle weakness [Corticospinal tract], Poor coordination, balance, & speech [Cerebellum], Altered sensation [Lesions in spinal cord]Treatment: Symptoms reduce in colder temperatures due to improved conductionDefect: Oligoclonal expansion ofTh1memory cells against a variety of nerve associated phospholipids/glycolipidsResult: Nerve cell death results in release of MBP (myelin basic protein) & other CNS proteins resulting in antibodies against them, further exacerbating problem through attraction of phagocytes & complement activationDiagnosis: Oligoclonal immunoglobulin in CSF (anti-MBP, etc.)Population: Female:Male (2:1)Susceptibility: Increased with HLA-DR2

77
Q

Muscular dystrophy (Duchenne)

A

Cause: X-linked recessive disorder resulting in absence of muscle protein dystrophinSymptoms: Progressive weakness & muscle degeneration. Onset (3-5) years, Inability to walk (10-15) years, Inability to breath 20 years.

78
Q

Myasthenia

A

Cause: Any disease of the synaptic cleft (e.g. breif nAChR opening times, abnormal ACh to nAChR binding)

79
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Cause: Autoimmune (x-linking) of nAChR channels in NMJ resulting in endocytosis. Sometimes associated w/ tymic tumors.Symptoms: Voluntary muscle weakness that increases w/ activity. Eye muscles often affected first (ptosis, double vision). Swallowing difficulty (frequent chocking), Breathing difficultyTreatment:Neostigmine,Pyridostigmine,Prednisone,Cortisone,Azathioprine,Cyclosporine, Plasma exhange, Thymectomy

80
Q

Myotonia

A

Cause: Any defect in transmission of electrical impulses in the muscleNEUROSCIENCE: Diseases

81
Q

Myotonia congenita

A

Cause: Autosomal dominant disease where there is reduction of Cl- channels in muscle membrane resulting in slow muscle relaxation b/c Cl- channels are essential in keeping membrane potential near Ecl- during AP recovery when K+ ions are accumulating in transvers tubule systemSymptoms: Increased excitability, K+ accumulation in transverse tubule system can lead to depolarization & spontaneous firing after the end of nerve stimulation, Muscle stiffness, Atrophy

82
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Symptoms: Frequent day-time sleep attacks, REM within 10 minutes of sleep onset,Cataplexy&hypnagogic hallucinationscommon, Day-time sleepiness can causesleep apneawhich can reduce latency to sleep 2min [5min normal].

83
Q

Nightmares (parasomnia)

A

Symptoms: Usually awakenings from REM w/ detailed recall of dreamPopulation: Mostly in children

84
Q

Opiate detoxification

A

Cold: GI flu symptoms, Tachycarida, Hypertension, 2nd & 3rd days are worst, Not longer than 5-7 days, Hyposomnia can continue for weeksWarm:Methadoneused to replace opiates & dose reduced over 3 weeks, High chance of break off, Hypertension, Tachycardia

85
Q

Panic disorder

A

Cause: Characterized by reducedbenzodiazapinebinding sits in frontal lobe than in normal brains

86
Q

Paraplegia

A

Cause: Bilateral spinal cord injurySymptoms:LMN syndrome@ level of lesion &UMN syndromebelow. Urine retention. After several months flexor spasms decrease w/ development of stage of paraplegia in flexion. Loss of ALL somatosensory perception below the lesion.

87
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Cause: Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in SNc. Lesions also in locus ceruleus, raphe nuclei, basal nucleus of Meynert, cerebral cortex, central & peripheral ANS.Symptoms: Resting tremor (5Hz) that is suppressed during voluntary movement, Poor postural reflexes, Rigidity, Stooped posture, Slow shuffling gait, Poor arm swinging, Glabellar reflex, Impaired speech, DementiaStages: (1) Unilateral (2) Bilateral w/ postural reflexes (3) Bliateral w/o postural reflexes (4) Severe disability w/ some movement (5) AkinesiaHistological signs: Absence of neuromelanin in SNc (loss of black pigmentation), Selective loss of some noradrenergic & cholinergic neurons, Lewy bodies (granules containing protein) in degenerating cellsTreatment:L-dopa&Carbidopa(Sinemet),Bromocriptine,Pergolide,Amantadine,Selegiline,Entacapone,Tolcapone,Benztropine. Surgically lesion subthalamic nucleus, Gpi, Thalamus. Deep brain stimulation.

88
Q

Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep (PLMS)

A

Symptoms: Periodic movements (30s interval) during NREM.

89
Q

Persistent vegetative state

A

Characterized by: Sometimes develops after coma. Lost ability to think & are not aware of environment [no higher brain function] but still able to perform NON-cognitive function. Unable to respond to meaningful environmental stimuli.

90
Q

Petit Mal Seizure

A

Symptoms: Absence seizure of children, 10s cessation of all motor activity, loss of consciousness, no postictal period

91
Q

Pfiesteria piscicida (dinoflagellate) toxin

A

Symtpoms: Toxin upon skin contact or inhalation causes severe nuerological symptoms including, confusion, disorientation, severe memory loss, & poor concentration

92
Q

Pick’s disease

A

Symptoms: Dementia that is clinically difficult to distinguish from AD at onset. Death within 10 years. Behavioural disturbances & aphasia.Histological signs: (1) Cortical atrophy localized in frontal or temporal lobe (usually unilateral) (2) Astrogliosis w/ many residual neurons containing Pick’s bodies composed of densely packed neurofilaments (3) Depletion of cholinergic neurons (particularly in basal nucleus of Meynert)Population: Women are more at risk

93
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Cause: Viral infection that affects mostly motor neurons in ventral hornsSymptoms: Muscle weakenss, in severe cases permanent paralysis & deathTransfer: Contact with infected secretions

94
Q

Progeria

A

Cause: Genetic defect in protein that normally holds the nucleus & cells togetherSymptoms: Acclerated aging evident at about 2 years after birth & children die between 8-21 years of heart disease

95
Q

REM Behaviour Disorder

A

Symptoms: Abnormal muscle activity during REM (e.g. chin & arms, NOT legs). Suffer vivid dream enactment.

96
Q

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)

A

Symptoms: Urge to move legs when sitting or lying delaying sleep onset.

97
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Cause: Likely polygenetic with a psychodynamic aspectSymptoms: Cognitive disfunction, Social/occupational dysfunction, Disorganized speech, Grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviorPrognosis: Generally poor with pateints with negative symptoms (loss of function) having a poorer progonis than those with positive ones (gain of function)Treatment:Haloperidol,Perphenazine,Clozapine,Olazapine

98
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

A

Symptoms: Depression during seasons of reduced light

99
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Types: (1) Obstructive (2) Central: Disruption of respiratory centers in pons (3) Mixed: Central & Obstructive (4) Hypnograms. Mean latency to sleep 3min [5min normal].

100
Q

Sleep Terrors (parasomnia)

A

Symptoms: Partial arousals from NREM. Often associated w/sleep walking.Population: Most commen in children.

101
Q

Sleep walking (parasomnia)

A

Symptoms: Occurs in first 1-2 hours of sleep. Usually NREM-4.

102
Q

Slow channel syndrome

A

Cause: Inherited rare condition that results in prolonged opening of nAChR when ACh binds causing a depolarizing blockSymptoms: Muscle weakness, Rapid fatigue, Progressive atrophy

103
Q

Spasmodic torticollis

A

Symptoms: Dystonia of the neck (e.g. SCM muscle)

104
Q

Spinal shock

A

Cause: Initial stage of UMN syndrome, resulting in flaccid paralysis (mechanism is not well understood)

105
Q

Sydenham’s chorea

A

Cause: Autoimmune disease that is a significant feature of rheumatic fever causing basal ganglion inflammationSymptoms: Onset between 5-15yo & a few month after infection. Choreic movements may be unilateral & recovery is good for nearly all patients.Population: Female:Male (3:1)

106
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

Cause: Some antipsychotic drugs (e.g.Haloperidol,Perphenazine)Symptoms: Commonly stereotypic movements of jaw, lips, & tonguePopulation: Older patients at more risk of disorder even after drugs are discontinued

107
Q

Tic syndromes

A

Symptoms: Sterotyped movements that are usually transient & coordinated

108
Q

Tongue deviation on protrusion

A

UMN damage: Deveiation towards contralateral side (e.g. posterior limb of internal capsule infaraction)LMN damage (CN XII): Deviation towards side of lesion

109
Q

Tourette’s syndrome

A

Cause: Autosomal dominant diseaseSymptoms: Onset @ 7yo. Multifocal tics & may have hyperactivity disorderPopulation: Female:Male (1:9)

110
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia

A

Cause: Lesion in cortex superior to Broca’s area (44 & 45)Symptoms: Same as Broca’s aphasia but less severe & repitition is preserved. Usually much better at naming compared with spontaneous speech.

111
Q

Transcortical sensory aphasia

A

Cause: Lesion in secondary association cortex (perisylvian area)Symptoms: Fluent speech w/ impaired comprehension, Naming proglems, Normal repetition, Semantic retrieval deficit, Normal syntax and phonetics. Inability to speak spontaneously.

112
Q

Transient global amnesia

A

Cause: TIA, many othersSymptoms: Brief phase of retrograde amnesia associated w/ a sudden anterograde amnesia lasting minutes to days.

113
Q

UMN syndrome

A

Cause: Damage to motor cortex or axonsSymptoms: Initial period of flaccidity (spinal shock). Followed by hyperreflexia, Extensor plantar response (Babiski reflex), No muscle wasting, Urine retention, Sexual disfunction. Symptoms are ipsilateral if below pyramidal dessucation (in medulla) & contralateral if above.

114
Q

Wallenberg’s syndrome

A

Cause: Reduced blood flow to posterolateral medulla due to (1) Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) occlusion (2) Vertebral Artery occlusionSymptoms: (1) Difficulties swallowing, hoarseness (2) Dizziness, nausea & vomiting (3) Nystagmus, problems w/ balance & gait (4) Loss of pain & temp on one side of face & opposite side of body (5) Uncontrollable hiccups (sometimes)

115
Q

Weber’s syndrome

A

Cause: Reduced blood flow to anteromedial midbrain due to occlusion of short penetrating branches off of (1) Basilar artery (2) Posterior communicating arterySymptoms: (1) Parkinsonism (contralateral) (2) Hemiplegia (contralateral) (3) Facial & hypoglossal paralysis (contralateral) (4) Oculomotor paralysis w/ wide fixed pupils (ipsilateral)

116
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Cause: Damage to posterior section of left auditory cortex (Area 22-Wernicke’s area)Symptoms: Speech is fluent but nonsensical. Repetition abnormal. Poor comprehension (reading better than writing). Good penmenship but misspelling & inaccuracies. Wrong names.

117
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A

Cause: Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) deficiency due to malnutrition, generally as a result of alcoholism resulting in bilateral loss of cells in dorsomedial thalamus & mammilary bodiesSymptoms: (1) Acute phase [Wernike]: Confusion, Confabulation, Stupor, Ataxia (2) Chronic phase [Korsakoff]: Memory impairment, may show anterograde amnesia [probably b/c of damage to thalamus & hippocampus] & severe retrograde amnesia

Rando Quizes Neuro (5 decks)

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