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Germany <3 > Nazi - Opposition, Control + Consent > Flashcards

Nazi - Opposition, Control + Consent Flashcards

1
Q

Timeline of Opposition

A

1933 - KPD leaders were arrested, SPD leaders arrested or went into exile.

1934 - Opposition protestant confessional church established by Niemoller.

1937 - Pope Pius XI issues a papal encyclical criticising Nazi beliefs and methods. Niemoller arrested.

1939 - Edelweiss Pirates number 2,000 and Georg Elser attemps to blow up Hitler in a Munich Beer Hall

1941 - Bishop Galen preaches against euthanasia programs

1941-3 - White Rose Group organise opposition from Munich University. Red Orchestra sent info to the USSR

1944 - Kreisau Circle closed down + Army Bomb Plot (Stauffenberg Plot).

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2
Q

Timeline of Consent

A

1933 - Ministry of Enlightenment and propaganda established under Goebbels. Plebiscite on leaving the LoN wins mass support.

1934 - National Socialist Women’s league membership reaches 1.5 million

1936 - Olympics in Berlin, the film ‘olympia’ was released. Plebiscite on remilitarising the Rheinland gained 99% support.

1939 - 70% of German households had a People’s reciever (radio), Eher Verlag controlled 2/3 of the German press.

1940 - NSDAP party membership reached 5 million

1941 - ‘The Eternal Jew’ was released.

1944 - The people’s home guard (Volksstrum) was set up to help the war effort. Allied bombing demoralised, however many remained loyal.

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3
Q

Timeline of Control

A

1933 - Gestapo established by Himmler, First concentration camp opened.

1934 - People’s Court was established to try people for political crimes

1936 - Himmler became chief of German Police and Reichsfuhrer of the SS, unifying all police forces under him.

1939 - Listening to foreign radio became a crime. 240,000 members in the SS. Cultural bans.

1944 - Clamp down by the SS following the Army Bomb Plot (7,000 arrested + 4,980 were executed).

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4
Q

Key Youth Opposition

A

White Rose Group
Swing Youth
Edelweiss Pirates

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5
Q

White Rose Group

A

Hans + Sophie Scholl
Organised the first public demonstration against the Nazis
Distributed leaflets with anti-Nazi sentiment

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6
Q

Swing Youth

A

Working class teenagers
Listened to forbidden American and British Jazz music
Accepted Jews
Their behaviour was not in accordance of Nazi ideals
Less active resistance, more non-conformity

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7
Q

Edelweiss Pirates

A

Attacked members of the Hitler Youth
During the war - stole armaments, attacked authority, helped escaped PoW.
12 members were publically hung in 1944

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8
Q

Conservative Elite Opposition

A

Kreisau Circle
Freiburg Circle
Army Bomb Plot (1944)

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9
Q

Kreisau Circle

A

1940-44
Led by Moltke (grandson of WW1 Moltke)
Scholars, Churchmen and Politicians
Leading Anti-Nazi group
Mainly theoritical opposition
Discussed how Germany would be run after Nazis

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10
Q

Freiburg Circle

A

Led by Gerhard Ritter (historian)
Academics from Freiburg Uni
Strongly nationalistic
Prepared to bring down Hitler
Did not want Germany to lose WW2
Ritter was imprisoned in 1944, he survived.

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11
Q

Protestant Opposition

A

Protetant Confessional Church established (1934)
Led by Niemoller - who was arrested in 1937

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12
Q

Catholic Opposition

A

Papal Encylical which criticised the Nazis and their breaking of the former concordat (1937).

In 1937, public protests broke out following the removal of crucifixes from schools

In 1941, Cardinal Galen publically attacked Nazi Euthanasia policy, leading to their temporary suspension.

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13
Q

Left-wing opposition

A

SPD
KPD
Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra)
Workers

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14
Q

SPD Opposition

A

SPD was banned in 1933 - many went into exile.
Red Strike Troops - underground SPD restistance group.
3,000 members by 1933.
In 1934, the Gestapo located the leaders of the Red Strike Troops.

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15
Q

KPD Opposition

A

Many KPD members wer killed after the Reichstag Fire
30,000 continued underground resistance.
The Red Flag Newspaper continued to be printed and circulated.
The KPD produced Anti-Nazi Leaftlets which highlighted the poor treatment of workers.

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16
Q

Rote Kapelle

A

Pro-Soviet Germans
Wanted to replace Nazism with Communism
They were directed from Moscow
Carried out acts of sabotage
Leaders were tracked down and executed

17
Q

Workers

A

Organised strikes and go-slows
Usually motivated by working conditions rather than anti-Nazi.
Georg Elser planted a bomb in a Munich Beer Hall, where Hitler was speaking.
The plot failed as Hitler’s speech was shorter than expected.

18
Q

Arguments that opposition grew stronger in the War Years

A

Edelwiess pirated became involved in sabotage and guerilla warfare in the final years.
The Red Orchestra was involved in espionage, sending info to the USSR
The Army Bomb Plot (1944)

19
Q

Arguments that opposition was weakened during the War Years

A

Koln Pirates leader was hung in 1944, age 16
Red Orchestra leaders were captured and executed
5,000 people were executed after the Bomb Plot

20
Q

Key Reasons opposition failed

A
  1. The Gestapo were very responsive - eg. Gestapo Law (1936) = Operated without legal review
  2. Self-Survaillence restricted opposition
  3. Failure to gain significant support, ie. opposition was usually small scale.
21
Q

Weaknesses of Opposition

A

Opposition groups lacked resources
Resistance was difficult to organise and divided
No Trade Unions to gather mass worker support

22
Q

Strengths of the Nazi state in opposition suppression

A

Powerful secret police and a large network of informers
Nazi policies were often popular / increase living standards.
One-party state - ie. not legitimate means of opposition
Traditional respect for authority

23
Q

Key Nazi Supporter Demographics

A

Lower middle class
Conservative
Rural
Young People
Elderly People
Many Women

24
Q

Key Reasons for Nazi Support

A
  1. Opportunity and Rewards, eg. KDF
  2. Nazi Ideology / Popular Policy
  3. Fearful of the Nazis
25
Q

Examples of Public Support

A

Germany won 89 Gold Medals in the 1936 Olympics - raising Nazi support.
99% Plebiscite Support for Anschluss + Re-militarisation of the Rheinlands
99.9% electoral support in 1936
5 million people in the NSDAP (1940)

26
Q

Impact of War on support

A

The declaration of war in 1939 was not greeted with German nationalism - Nazis had failed to instil the key value of Nazism
92,000 Germans were captured in Stalingrad.
Goebbels portayed the Red Army as barbaric rapists
Footage of the V1 + V2 rockets helped support

27
Q

Instruments of Nazi repression

A

Gestapo, SS, SA, NSDAP, Informers

28
Q

Methods of repression

A

Arbitary arrest, beatings, prison, intimidation, concentration camps, execution, dismissal from job, press censorship + sterilisation.

29
Q

Gestapo

A

40,000 agents by 1939
Tasked with finding political dissidents
Recruited informants
Following the 1936 Gestapo Law, they could not be prosecuted.

30
Q

SS

A

Led by Himmler
Replaced the SA as the paramilitary wing of the NSDAP
Controlled all the police in Germany from 1936
Tasked with enforcing racial policy, concentration camps
250,000 men by 1939

31
Q

People’s Court

A

Established 1934
Set up for prosecuting political crimes
Trials were held in secret
No right to appeal
Nazi appointed judges

32
Q

Concentration Camps

A

First camp established in 1933, Dachau
Tasked with dealing with left-wing opponents
Short-term prison camps
4,000 people in camps by 1935
Expanded by 1938
Forced labour
Used after Krystallnacht

33
Q

Law for Malicious Gossip

A

1933
Any expression of dissent, eg. telling anti-nazi jokes could be prosecuted.
By 1937, 17,000 had been sentenced

34
Q

Gestapo Law

A

1936
Allowed all Gestapo agents to avoid any prosecution for their actions.

35
Q

Hitler Myth

A

Aimed to encourage Germans to idolise Hitler and promote loyalty + respect for Hitler/ Regime

Hitler was potrayed as; Super-Human, Heroic, Teutonic Knight, Germany’s Messiah + above politics

This was propagated via emotional hollywood-style theatrical films.

Germany <3 (16 decks)

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