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Nazi Germany Flashcards

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1
Q

Name two previous German empires

A

The first reich

The second reich

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2
Q

Who was the first leader of the second reich

A

Otto Von Bismarck

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3
Q

What were the foreign policies of the first and second reich

A
  1. territorial expansion through war and military strength

2. diplomacy with other nations and forming alliances(e.g. second reich-triple alliance with Austria-Hungary1882)

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4
Q

Why did hitler call the nazi regime the third reich

A
  1. He believed his foreign policy continued the work of previous German empires
  2. He celebrated the triumphs of the first and second reichs, and wanted to make Germany as powerful as they had m
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5
Q

After the TOV and Germany’s territorial losses, how many Germans lived outside the German borders

A

6.4 million

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6
Q

What happened to the German military after the TOV

A

It was significantly reduced max 100,000 soldiers no Air Force, submarines or tanks

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7
Q

After the TOV what was the demilitarised come between France and Germany

A

The Rhine land

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8
Q

When was Hitler appointed Chancellor of the Weimar Republic?

A

January 30, 1933

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9
Q

How did the burning down of the Reichstag in February 1933 help Hitler to consolidate his control in Germany?

A
  • The Nazis got the credit for catching the supposed communist arsonist, Marinus van de Lubbe.
  • The Nazis were able to stir up anti-communist propaganda.
  • German industrialists contributed generously to the Nazi cause as the fear of communism rose.
  • Hitler was able to persuade Hindenburg to declare a state of emergency, giving Hitler control of the police and power to govern Germany by decree. He passed the Decree for the Protection of the People and the State, which suspended the civil rights of German citizens. Hitler could legally arrest political opponents and ban opposition newspapers.
  • Hitler banned the communists from taking their seats in the Reichstag following the March 1933 election.
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10
Q

Despite this, why was the power of the previous Weimar ministries limited?
Hitler set up several ministries and “authorities”. Name a new organisation he set up.

A

The Reich Propaganda Ministry, headed by Joseph Goebbels.

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11
Q

Give 3 examples of groups who actively resisted the Nazis?

A
  • Communists (e.g. Red Orchestra)
  • Students (e,g, White Rose)
  • Conservative elites (e.g. Kreisau Circle and 1944 Bomb Plot)
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12
Q

Give 3 examples of groups who expressed anti-Nazi dissent?

A
  • Youth (e.g. Edelweiss Pirates / Swing Youth)
  • Christians (e.g. Bonhoeffer, Bishop Galen. Martin Niemoller)
  • Workers (through strikes, poor work discipline)
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13
Q

What evidence is there that the Nazis repressed the Communists?

A

The Nazis imprisoned over half the Communist Party members in 1933. By 1935 the Gestapo had infiltrated the remains of the party. As a result, active communist resistance to the Nazi state was limited.

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14
Q

Who were the key people in the White Rose group?

A

Hans and Sophie Scholl (brother and sister)

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15
Q

How did the White Rose resist the Nazis?

A

The printed anti-Nazi leaflets between 1942-3 and distributed them around Munich and central Germany. They were found, tortured and executed.

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16
Q

What was the name of the group made up of conservative elite who emerged in 1942?

A

Kreisau Circle – group of officers, aristocrats, academics and churchmen who met to discuss plans for a new Germany after Hitler. Strongly influenced by Christian values and they were politically conservative.

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17
Q

What were the consequences of the failed 1944 bomb plot?

A

5,000 supporters of the resistance were killed, including Stauffenberg (who placed the bomb in Hitler’s briefing room); Beck, Tresckow and Rommel (other organisers).

18
Q

How did Swing Youth groups show their opposition?

A

Young, mainly middle-class boys and girls played and danced to Swing music (dance-bands of Britain and USA). The Nazis hated this music as it had origins in African-American community and they saw the dancing as ‘un German’

19
Q

What did Edelweiss Pirates do to rebel against the Nazis?

A

They met up and organised their own hikes and camps – alternatives to the rigid Hitler Youth. Boys and girls mixed freely and some groups admitted Jews.
Other groups became involved in active resistance – Cologne in 1944 12 members were hanged for killing a Gestapo officer. Other groups sheltered concentration camp escapees and beat up Hitler Youth members.

20
Q

Name three Protestant pastors who spoke out against the Nazis?

A
  • Bishop Galen (criticised Nazi euthanasia policy)
  • Martin Niemoller (sent to a concentration camp)
  • Dietrich Bonhoeffer (helped Jews emigrate, worked in the Kreisau Circle). Murdered in a concentration camp in 1945.
21
Q

Why was the Church (both Catholic and Protestant) so reluctant to oppose the Nazi regime?

A

They distrusted the left and saw communism as a greater evil than the Nazis.

Fear – emphasis on pastoral comfort over wider opposition.

22
Q

How much support did the Nazis have?

A

Support for the Nazis changed over time. It varied between groups. Overall though, through terror / propaganda and other methods the Nazis did produce a large degree of conformity – a willingness to collaborate – that suggests broad support from large sections of society.

23
Q

Give 3 reasons why there was support for the Nazi regime

A
  • Economic recovery meant that people now had jobs and were willing to accept some of the unpopular policies in exchange for better living conditions.
  • Hitler myth glorified Hitler as an effective leader and saviour
  • Pre-war diplomatic achievements (e.g. Overturning ToV) and military successes between 1939-41 increased support as Hitler was seen to be a strong, effective leader restoring Germany to greatness.
24
Q

When was the compulsory sterilisation programme introduced?

A

January 1934. Widened to allow abortion of the unfit by 1935.

25
Q

How many people were sterilised between 1934 and 1945?

A

400,000.

26
Q

What examples of early persecution of Jews are there?

A
  • April 1933 Boycott of Jewish shops,
  • April 1934 Law for the Restoration of the Civil Service – excluded Jews from government jobs
  • 1935 Nuremberg Laws – Jews are no longer citizens of Germany
27
Q

How did propaganda discriminate against Jews?

A

It marked them out as different and sub human.

28
Q

What was Kristallnacht?

A

Burning of synagogues and shops and homes. First time violence was used widespread across Germany. Over 20,000 Jews sent to concentration camps.

29
Q

How many Jews emigrated between 1933 and 39?

A

Over 450,000.

30
Q

How did the invasion of Poland in 1939 mark a change in policy towards the Jews?

A

Jews sent to ghettos, Einsatzgruppen squads = mass murder.

31
Q

Why did Strength Through Joy buses take people to see Jews in ghettos?

A

To show how dirty and disease ridden Jews were. To mark the Jews out as depraved.

32
Q

How many gypsies were sent to ghettos?

A

5,000 to Lodz. Later 40,000 more were sent there.

33
Q

When and where was the final solution decided?

A

Wannsee Conference January 1942.

34
Q

Identify key turning points in policy towards the Jews.

A
  • Sporadic violence/separation 1933-4
  • Nuremberg Laws 1935 = Jews are no longer protected.
  • 1938 Kristallnacht – open and widespread violence
  • 1939 WW2 = mass murder of Jews
  • 1941 – invasion of Russia
  • 1942 – Wannsee Conference and Final Solution.
35
Q

What was the Nazi slogan towards women?

A

Kinder Kuche Kirche

36
Q

Name two organisations women joined?

A

The National Socialist Womanhood (NSF) and the German Women’s Enterprise.

37
Q

How was marriage encouraged?

A
  • Marriage loans. Repayment reduced by 25% for each child.
  • Law to reduce unemployment 1933
  • Improved welfare services 25,000 mother and child centres established.
38
Q

How much did the marriage rate increase by?

A

1932: 516,000; 1934 740,000

39
Q

What programme had an aim of producing healthy Aryan children?

A

Lebensborn from 1936.

40
Q

What became easier by 1938?

A

Divorce – this was encouraged if the couple were infertile.

41
Q

How were women encouraged to have children?

A

Bronze, silver, gold awards and Mothers Cross if you had more than 8 children.

42
Q

Why did women have to go back to work?

A

WW2 – 1937 women encouraged to work but could still get marriage loans. 1.5 million women employed by 1939.

German History (3 decks)

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