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Nazi Germany Flashcards

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1
Q

What were causes of the German Revolution?

A

The First World War-Germany went into the war confident but the allies counter attacked and drove the Germans back. Defeat seemed near and troops morale were very low.
Also the allies were blockading the German coast. This led to food shortages which led to military failure.
People had saw the Russian Revolution and Germans began to demand the same and replace the Kaiser.

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2
Q

What are the events of the German Revolution?

A

German sailors in Kiel refused to fight.

This led to strikes across German and meant the King had to abdicate.

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3
Q

What were the effects of the German Revolution?

A

An armistice was signed by the Social Democrats.

The armistice had terms which caused economic suffering and were unpopular with others.

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4
Q

What were the impacts of the First World War on Germany?

A

The allies blockaded the German coast which caused food shortages. As men were at wat less food was being produced and people died from starvation.
Because of this their were mutinies ar Kiel which led to an Armistice as the Kaiser realised he was losing control of his armed forces.
The Kaiser abdicated on the 9th November 1918 and the Social Democrats took over.
The new Weimar Constitution was created where a new president was elected every 7 years.

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5
Q

What were the positives of the new Weimar Constitution?

A

Everyone could vote if they were over 18.
There was a new president elected every 7 years.
He would control the army, navy and air force.

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6
Q

What were the negatives of the Weimar Constitution?

A

Proportional representation meant lots of small got seats in the Reichstag.
This meant no one party got majority seats so they had to make coalitions but they were weak and always fell out.
Article 48 could be abused and make the president a dictator. This was because the president could make laws without consulting the Reichstag.

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7
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Territory-Germany could not unite with Austria, it also could not join the League of Nations.
Reparations-Had to pay £6,600 million for damage done in the war.
Army-They were forbidden to have submarines or an airforce and a navy of only 6 battleships.
They could have an army of 100,000 men and they could not place troops in the Rhineland.
Blame-Germany had to accept responsibility for the war. Clause 231.

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8
Q

Who were the Communists supported by?

A 
Working class
They were against the Weimar Republic.
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9
Q

Who were the Social Democratic Party supported by?

A

Mainly by working Class

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10
Q

Who were the Centre party supported by?

A

Catholics

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11
Q

Who were the National People Party supported by?

A

Middle and upper class

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12
Q

Who were the Nazis supported by?

A

Unemployed
Nationalists
Ex soldiers

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13
Q

When was the Spartacist Uprising?

A

1919

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14
Q

Who was the Spartacist Uprising led by?

A

Rosa Luxemborg

Karl Liebknecht.

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15
Q

What did the Spartacist Uprising fail?

A

Poor organisation
Lack of support from other communist groups.
The government used 2000 Freikorps to crush the rebellion.
They killed 100 Spartacists by January 1919.

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16
Q

Who was the Kapp Putsch led by?

A

Wolfgang Kapp and his 12,000 supporters.

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17
Q

What happened during the Kapp Putsch?

A

They marched to Berlin and declared a new national government.

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18
Q

Why did the Kapp Putsch fail?

A

Lack of leadership from other army leaders.
The putsh was concentrated in Berlin and didnt spread to the rest of Germany.
The government fled and carried on functioning.
A general strike ended the rebellion.
Freikorps never punished showing weakness of the government.

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19
Q

How did Stresemann help Germany recover economically?

A

Ended the passive resistance
Dawes plan and Young plan make reparations possible
Invests in road building and electricity supples extending in Germany.

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20
Q

How did Stresemann help Germany recover internationally?

A

Got Germany into the League of Nations
Locarno Treaty
Kellogg-Briand pact

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21
Q

How did Stresemann help Germany recover politically?

A

The ‘Great Coalition’ which makes the main parties in Germany work together and stops problems made by proportional representation.
Meant a decline in support for extremist partiesas Nazis only got 12 seats in the 1928 election.

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22
Q

When was the Dawes Plan signed?

A

1924

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23
Q

When was the Young Plan signed?

A

1929

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24
Q

When was the Locarno Treaty signed?

A

1925

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25
Q

When was Germany able to join the League of Nations?

A

1926

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26
Q

When was the Kellogg-Briand pact signed?

A

1928

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27
Q

What were the terms of the Dawes Plan?

A

The US lent Germany 800 million and gave Germany longer to pay reparations.

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28
Q

What were the terms of the Young Plan?

A

Reduced the amount Germany had to pay in reparations from 132 million to 27 million.

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29
Q

What were the terms of the Locarno Treaty?

A

GB, France, Italy, Belgium and Germany guarentee its borders and promise not to fight over territory.

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30
Q

What were the terms of the Kellogg-Briand pact?

A

Agree no future wars to resolve disputes or conflicts.

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31
Q

What percentage did wages rise by in the Golden Years?

A

25%

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32
Q

When did Stresemann end the passive resistance in the Ruhr?

A

August 1923

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33
Q

What happened because Stresemann ended the passive resistance?

A

Production started in the region again.

Factories began working again

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34
Q

When did Stresemann introduce the Rentenmark?

A

1923

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35
Q

What does introducing the Rentenmark do?

A

He limited the amount in circulation which ended hyperinflation.

36
Q

How did the Weimar government improve the standard of living?

A

Industrial production had become higher than it was before the war.
Women began to get jobs and attend universities.
3 million new homes had been built, hospitals, roads and schools had been improved.
There were changes in culture such as art, architecture and cinema.
Employment lowered to 1.6 million in 1929.

37
Q

How could you argue Stresemann did not help Germany recover?

A

The recovery was based on US loans.
Unemplyment never fell below 1 million.
Some women refused to give up their traditional lifestyles.
The loans ended when the Wall Street Crash happened and brough Germany back to a crisis.

38
Q

What happened to Germany after the Wall Street Crash?

A

America demanded the loans back so the government began to increase taxes.
Production fell by 40%
Many banks went out of business.
Unemployment rose from 1.6 million in 1929 to 6.2 million in 1932. 33% of workforce unemployed.
People began to look at extremist parties for answers.
1930 election the Nazis won 107 seats.
Communists won 77 seats.

39
Q

How was 1923 considered a crisis year?

A

Invasion of the Ruhr-caused by failure to repay reparations. French troops marched into the Ruhr snd beat up and killed over 100 Germans.
150,000 German workers were thrown out of their houses so the Weiamar called a passive resistance. Germany became poor as the factories closed down.
The invasion triggered hyperinflation. Emplyers would pay people twice a day and people would burn notes as it was cheaper than buying coal.

40
Q

What people suffered because of hyperinflation?

A

People on fixed incomes as they could not earn any extra money.
People who had savings as their savings became worthless.

41
Q

What people benefitted from hyperinflation?

A

People with debt could pay it off very easily.
Workers wages rose in line with the prices as trade unions negociated this for them.
Farmers benefitted as they could increase prices of their goods.

42
Q

Who was the Munich Putsch led by?

A

General Ludendorff and Hitler.

43
Q

What happened during the Munich Putsch?

A

600SA marched into the Beer Hall where the Bavarian government were meeting and announced a new government.
The SA took over army headquarter and the offices of local newspapers.
Kahr betrayed Hitler and army and police are called and the rebellion fails.
Hitler is arrested.

44
Q

What were the negatives of the Munich Putsch for the Nazis?

A 
The uprising failed
No support from local people
Hitler was arrested
Party was banned
Prevented from public speaking until 1927
45
Q

Who did the 25 Point Programme appeal to?

A

Nationalists-Peomised to destroy the Treaty of Versailles, make Germany strong and rebuild the army.
Anti-Semites-promised to make people who profitted from the war share wealth.
Women-Promised to expand education and offer unemployment benefits.
Middle classes-promising to remove communism.

46
Q

What were successes of the Munich Putsch?

A 
Made Nazis review their tactics
Showed Hitler to be a great speaker.
Showed Hitler needed to gain power through democratic methods.
Wrote Mein Kampf
Bamberg Conference.
47
Q

How did Hitler reorganise the Nazi Party by 1928?

A

The SA-more young men encouraged to joinand their image was changed. Focused on discipline and order rather than intimidation and violence.
In 1925 he set up the SS to act as his personal bodyguards.
Hilter gained support from wealthy businessmen as he said he would destroy Communism and Trade Unions. They financed his campaigns.
Military style parades were given by the Nazis.
He created a national headquarters in Munich and branches of the party were set up all over Germany.

48
Q

What was the importance of the Bamburg Conference?

A

Hitler had threats to his leadership as Strasser and Goebbels wanted to make the party more socialist to appeal to working classes.
Hitler won Goebbels over which meant his leadership was confirmed and Goebbels became one of his closest supporters.

49
Q

What was the political deal to allow Hitler to become Chancellor?

A

Von Papen and Hindenburg believed Hitler would be the best for Chancellor as he had the most support and they believed the could control him.
All other options for Chancellor has failed.

50
Q

What factors allowed Hitler to become Chancellor?

A 
Depression
Hindenburgs mistakes
Hitlers leadership skills
Propaganda
Failure of other politicians
Nazi reorganisation
51
Q

What did Hindenburg pass in February 1933?

A

Meeting had to be announced 24 hours beforehand so Hitler could send his SA to break up opposition meetings?

52
Q

When was the Reichstag Fire?

A

Februrary 1933

53
Q

When was the Enabling Act?

A

March 1933

54
Q

What dies the enabling act allow Hitler to do?

A

He can ban communist parties and meetings.

55
Q

What did Hitler do in March 1933?

A

They Nazis joined with the Nationalist Party. It means Nazis have majority seats in the Reichstag which meant he could make the enabling act permanent.

56
Q

When were Nazis put in charge of local councils and police?

A

April 1933

57
Q

What did allowing Hitler to be incharge of local councils and police do?

A

Allowed Hitler to set up the Gestapo.

58
Q

When did Hitler ban Trade Unions?

A

May 1933

59
Q

What did banning Trade Unions allow?

A

It would prevent future strikes and could not complain about future working conditions or pay.

60
Q

What did Hitler do in July 1934?

A

He banned all political parties.

61
Q

When was Night of the Long Knives?

A

June 1934

62
Q

What did Night of the Long Knives allow Hitler to do?

A

Rohm and SA leaders were shot and killed.
Removed potential opposition.
SA stopping him taking power through democratic methods.

63
Q

When was Hindenburgs death?

A

August 1934

64
Q

What did the death of Hindenburg allow Hitler to do?

A

Become Fuhrer.

65
Q

What was the SS?

A

Hitlers personal bodyguard
Developed into an elite force of 50,000
They ran concentration camps

66
Q

How were concentration camps effective for control?

A

They were filled with political opponents.
Inmates were tortured and re educated
They provided slave labour and weapon manufacturing by 1939
Became extermination camps
First camp- Dachau 1933

67
Q

How were the Gestapo effective?

A

They tapped phones, intercepted mail and conducted spying operations.
Used torture and suprise to get confessions.

68
Q

How were Police, Courts and Prisons effective?

A

Judges swore an oath of loyalty to Hitler.

Crimes punishable by death rose from 3 to 46

69
Q

How were informers effected?

A

Reported on residents for crimes such as telling Nazi jokes, holding illegal meetings or not flying the Nazi flag when supposed to.

70
Q

How was Goebbels important for the Nazi Party?

A

Propaganda-By 1939 70% of famillies had radios to hear Hiers broadcastsuse rallies and posters to promote Nazi messages.
Censorship-Burning of Jewish books, Jazz music banned and BBC banned.
Culture-films had to be approved by Nazi party, films about Jews promoted, preceded by a 25 minute pro Nazi use reel, Berlin stadium was built for the Olymipics it was the biggest in the world at the time.

71
Q

When was Hitler Youth membership compulsory from?

A

1936

72
Q

How did Nazis control opposition?

A

Swing geoups and Edelweiss pirates were killed.
Low impact of these groups across the country, only viewed as rebellious teenagers
Not massively threatening to Nazis
Church opposition controlled as Pastor Neimoller imprisoned. 800 clergy sent to Dachau with Neimoller.
Only few people helped the Jews and many were captured and killed.
Limited opposition to the Nazis until 1939

73
Q

How were the Nazis not sucessful in controlling opposition?

A

6000 Protestant ministers joined the Church set up by Neimoller
Edelweiss pirates continued through the war
White Rose appears in 1943 showing control wasnt 100% by 1939
Hard to control anti Nazi jokes, hiding Jewish religious items, continuing to listen to priests not part of the Reich Church.

74
Q

When were Jewish shops boycotted?

A

April 1933

75
Q

When were Jews banned from public service jobs?

A

1933

76
Q

When are Jews prevented from joining the army?

A

May 1934

77
Q

When were the Nuremburg Laws?

A

September 1935

78
Q

What were the Nuremburg Laws?

A

Prevented Jews holding German citizenship snd marrying Germans.
Made Jews subjects rather than humans.

79
Q

When were Jewish doctors, dentists and lawyers forbidden from working?

A

July 1938

80
Q

When did Jews have J stamped on their passports?

A

October 1938

81
Q

When was Kristallnacht?

A

November 1938

82
Q

What happened during Kristallnacht?

A

100 Jews murdered.
1000s sent to concentration camps.
Shops destroyed and synagogues burned down.

83
Q

When were Jews expelled from schools?

A

November 1938

84
Q

When were Jewish businesses confiscated?

A

December 1938

85
Q

When were Jews given new first names?

A

January 1939
Sarah for women
Isreal for men

86
Q

When were ghettos set up?

A

September 1939

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