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GCSE History: Germany > Nazi Germany 1929-45 > Flashcards

Nazi Germany 1929-45 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who were the übermensch?

A

The Aryan race, the ideal race

  • Blonde
  • Blue eyes
  • White
  • Athletic and strong
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2
Q

Who were the untermensch?

A

The undesirables

  • Jews
  • The disabled (physically + mentally)
  • Criminals
  • Homosexuals
  • Black people
  • Gypsies
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3
Q

What is ‘mein kampf’?

A

‘My struggle’ - written in 1925

Hitlers autobiography in wrote in prison which outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany

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4
Q

Why did people vote for the Nazis?

A
  • People were poor and desperate
  • People were looking for a strong leader
  • People were looking for a strong party
  • People wanted someone to blame
  • People were fed up of other political parties
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5
Q

When did Hitler become chancellor?

A

1933

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6
Q

How did Hitler’s own actions help him to become chancellor?

A
  • Propaganda
  • Leadership
  • Organisation
  • Nazi promises
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7
Q

How did other events help Hitler become chancellor?

A
  • Wall Street Crash
  • Great Depression
  • Political Deal
  • Divided and weak opposition
  • Fear of communism
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8
Q

What was the political deal?

A
  • President Hindenburg made Papen chancellor after refusing Hitler in 1932 when the Nazis won 37% of the votes
  • General von Schlucher persuaded President Hindenburg to remove Papen from power then Schlucher became chancellor
  • Papen wanted power again so he made a deal with Hitler, the new government, Hitler as chancellor and Papen as vice chancellor
  • Papen persuaded Hindenburg to agree to the plan and Hitler became chancellor in 1933
  • People thought they could control Hitler
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9
Q

In 1932 how many people were unemployed?

A

6 million

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10
Q

When was the Reichstag Fire?

A

Feb 1933

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11
Q

What was the Reichstag Fire?

A
  • A Dutch communist is found guilty of burning the Reichstag
  • The building was completely destroyed
  • The Nazis claimed this was part of the communist plot to take over Germany
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12
Q

How did the Reichstag Fire help Hitler destroy democracy?

A
  • Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to pass emergency laws to arrest communists
  • Other political opponents were put in prison without trial
  • This cut down the number of political parties and opponents
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13
Q

What were the 1933 March Elections?

A
  • The Nazis used the police and the SA to put pressure on political opponents
  • More than 50 opponents of the Nazis were killed and many more were injured
  • The Nazis used radios to broadcast the anti-communist message
  • This helped the Nazis to achieve 44% of the votes
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14
Q

When was the Enabling Act?

A

March 1933

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15
Q

What was the Enabling Act?

A
  • This law gave Hitler the power to pass laws without going through the Reichstag
  • Passed by 444 votes to 94
  • Communist party banned from voting
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16
Q

How did the Enabling Act help Hitter to destroy democracy?

A

The Reichstag voted itself out of existence

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17
Q

When were Trade Unions and Parties banned?

A

May 1933

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18
Q

What was the banning of Trade Unions and Parties?

A
  • Trade Union officers were taken over and leaders arrested

- All Trade Unions were merged into one organisation, the new German Labour Front

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19
Q

When was The Night of the Long Knives?

A

June 1934

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20
Q

What was The Night of the Long Knives?

A
  • SA leaders dragged from their beds and taken to Nazi headquarters
  • Shot dead
  • Röhm was arrested when he refused to commit suicide then he was shot in prison
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21
Q

What were the effects of The Night of the Long Knives?

A
  • This sent a warning to Germany how ruthless Hitler was in pursuit to power
  • Gained army support
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22
Q

When did Hindenburg die?

A

August 1934

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23
Q

What did Hitler do after Hindenburg’s death?

A

Made himself president as well as chancellor and took the title Führer

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24
Q

What was the army oath to Hitler?

A
  • The army took an oath of personal loyalty to Hitler
  • He was now supreme commander of the armed forces
  • All German soldiers swore to obey Hitler and to risk their lives for him at any time
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25
Q

Who was the leader of the SA?

A

Ernst Röhm

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26
Q

How many members did the SA have by 1934?

A

Over 3 million members

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27
Q

Why did the increasing number of members of the SA and its leader concern Hitler?

A
  • Röhm was a potential rival for Hitler
  • Hitler thought the SA was bigger than the army
  • Hitler was concerned of the increasing power of the SA and worried that Röhm would overthrow him
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28
Q

Who was Heinrich Himmler?

A
  • Joined the Nazis in 1923
  • Head of SS in 1929
  • Head of all police in 1936

IN CHARGE OF TERROR

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29
Q

What was the SS?

A

Black uniformed and originally Hitler’a personal protection squad

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30
Q

How many members did the SS have by 1939?

A

24,0000 members

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31
Q

What could the SS do?

A

Arrest people without trial and search houses

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32
Q

What is the Gestapo?

A

State secret police

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33
Q

When were concentration camps introduced?

A

1933

34
Q

How did concentration camps help the Nazis?

A
  • SS arrested opposition of the Nazis
  • At first inmates were held for short periods of time for questioning and torture
  • But by the 1930s they were run by a section of the SS
  • Some inmates were forced to work for Nazi businesses
  • Himmler controlled 150 companies who used slave labour
35
Q

Who did concentration camps hold?

A
  • Communists
  • Jews
  • Socialists
  • Trade unionists
36
Q

What was the role of a local warden?

A

Visited every home in the block collecting donations

37
Q

What was the role of a block warden?

A

Wrote a report in everyone in their block

38
Q

Why was the church a threat to the Nazis?

A
  • Churches preached tolerance and peace

- Churches could spread the anti-Nazi message

39
Q

How many Germans were catholic?

A

1/3

40
Q

Who owned the loyalty of the catholic Germans?

A

The Pope, not Hitler

41
Q

When was the Concordat?

A

July 1933

42
Q

What was the Concordat?

A
  • Nazis would allow catholic freedom of worship and catholic schools
  • The Pope agreed that German Catholics would stay out of politics
43
Q

Did Hitler keep his word of the Concordat?

A

NO

  • He shut down Catholic schools
  • Harassed Catholic priests by charging them with made up offences and sending some to concentration camps
44
Q

How did Hitler try to suppress Protestantism?

A

He creates the Department of Church Affairs

45
Q

When did Hitler create the Department of Church Affairs?

A

1935

46
Q

Who was the most famous Protestant that opposed Hitler?

A

Martin Niemöller

47
Q

What did Niemöller do in 1934?

A
  • Set up the Confessional Church

- It was made up of Protestants who opposed Nazi interference

48
Q

What happened to Niemöller?

A
  • Sent to a concentration camp in 1938

- Along with 800 of his fellow ministers

49
Q

Who was the leader of the Reich Church?

A

Ludwig Müller

50
Q

What was the Reich Church?

A

Protestants who collaborated with Hitler, allowing him to display propaganda and promoted Nazism in exchange for carrying out church services as normal

51
Q

Why did Von Stauffenberg want to kill Hitler?

A
  • He didn’t agree with Hitler’s decision to go to war

- The mistreatment of the German army in Russia encouraged him to plot against Hitler

52
Q

What is another name for the July Bomb Plot?

A

Operation Valkyrie

53
Q

What was the July Bomb Plot?

A

A plan to use a bomb in a briefcase to kill Hitler and seize control of Berlin using the army

54
Q

When was the July Bomb Plot attempted?

A
  • December 1943
  • June 1944
  • 4 times throughout July 1944
55
Q

When did the July Bomb Plot finally take place?

A

20th July 1944

56
Q

Why did the July Bomb Plot fail?

A
  • Colonel Brandt moved the briefcase
  • Hitler was not killed
  • Von Stauffenberg’s fellow plotters in Berlin failed to act quickly to seize Berlin
57
Q

How did the Nazis attempt to control young people through schools?

A
  • Curriculum was used to teach Nazi ideology
  • Textbooks rewritten with Nazi beliefs
  • Used the school system to brainwash young Germans into loving the Nazi party
58
Q

What was the Hitler Youth?

A
  • Members spent time doing physical activities such as hiking, running, nazi charity work
  • All members swore a personal oath of loyalty to Hitler
59
Q

How many young Germans were members of the Hitler Youth by 1939?

A

Over 80%

60
Q

When was the Hitler Youth formed?

A

1926

61
Q

In 1933 how many members did the Hitler Youth have?

A

50,000

62
Q

Why was the Hitler Youth popular?

A

Boys were taken on camp which for many was their first taste of a holiday

63
Q

Why was the Hitler Youth opposed by 1939?

A
  • Boys started to resent the propaganda

- They didn’t like to be bossed around and being told what to believe

64
Q

What was the League of German Maidens?

A
  • Girls joined at age 14

- Trained to be a good wife and mother by learning practical and domestic skills

65
Q

What are the 3 Ks?

A

Kinder - Children

Kirche - Church

Küche - Cooking

These were the roles of women

66
Q

What were the Nazi expectations of women?

A
  • Virgin until marriage
  • Aryan
  • Dependent on men
  • Not skinny, very healthy
  • Hair plaited
  • No makeup
  • No smoking
67
Q

What was the Women’s Honour Cross of German Mothers?

A

It was awarded to mothers with 4 or more children

  • Gold for 8
  • Silver for 6
  • Bronze for 4

Youth must salute women who wore it

68
Q

What were Hitler’s 4 economic aims?

A
  • Self sufficiency
  • Reducing unemployment
  • Prepared for war
  • Controlling the workers
69
Q

When was the boycott of Jewish shops?

A

1933

70
Q

What was the boycott of Jewish shops?

A
  • Anti Jewish graffiti on shop windows

- SA stood outside Jewish businesses to threaten shoppers

71
Q

When were the Nuremburg Laws?

A

1935

72
Q

What were the Nuremburg Laws?

A

Laws to exclude Jews from German life

  • Jews could not be a German citizen
  • Jews could not marry or have sex with non Jews
73
Q

In what year did Jews have to have their passports stamped with a “J”?

A

1938

74
Q

When did the Star of David need to be worn by Jews?

A

1938

75
Q

When was the Night of the Broken Glass?

A

1938

76
Q

What was the Night of the Broken Glass?

A
  • Young Jewish student, angry at the treatment of Jews, shot a German diplomat in Paris
  • Nazi leaders encouraged their supporters to smash up their homes and shops
  • The police were instructed not to intervene
  • 2 nights of violence
  • 91 Jews dead
  • Streets filled with ‘broken glass’
77
Q

What happened within the following months after ‘The Night of the Broken Glass’?

A
  • 30,000 Jews were arrested and taken to concentration camps
  • It was a turning point in the Nazi treatment of Jews
78
Q

In 1939, what were Jews not allowed to do?

A
  • Be dentists, chemists, nurses

- To leave their houses after 8pm in the winter and 9pm in the summer

79
Q

When were Ghettos introduced?

A

1939

80
Q

What were Ghettos?

A
  • Jews forced into special sections of the city
  • Shut off from the rest of the city
  • Crowded
  • Food, water and power were cut off
  • Hundreds of Jews died there each day
  • Anyone who tried to leave was shot
81
Q

What was the Einsatzgrüppen?

A
  • Special SS Squads
  • They rounded up Jews in each town and took them to the countryside
  • They were ordered to dig a trench
  • The Jews were shot and fell into the trench
  • This because a mass grave
82
Q

When was The Final Solution?

A

1941

GCSE History: Germany (2 decks)

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