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Nazi Germany Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Weimar Republic?

A

The name given to the new government of Germany after the first World War

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2
Q

What position was Germany in after the First World War?

A

Very chaotic - on the home front there was revolution breaking out across Germany, and soldiers began refusing orders

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3
Q

What date does Germany surrender in the First World War?

A

11th November, 1918

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4
Q

What did the Kaiser of Germany have to do when Germany surrendered?

A

Abidicate/ resign

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5
Q

What did Germany become after the Kaiser resigned?

A

A republic - they had no royalty, only a president which was elected, as well as a parliament

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6
Q

Who was elected the president of Germany after WW1?

A

Freidrich Ebert, however he could not secure the majority in the January 1919 elections, so he had to form a coalition

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7
Q

Why is the Weimar republic named that?

A

Berlin wasn’t a safe place for politicians, so Freidrich had to move the government to a small town named “Weimar”

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8
Q

How long does the Weimar republic last?

A

1919 - 1933

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9
Q

What was Weimar blamed for?

A

Having weaknesses in it’s constitution that led to it’s downfall

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10
Q

Why did Weimar seem progressive at the time?

A

The voting age for both men and woman was 20, while in other countries like Britain the voting age was still 21 for men and 30 for women

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11
Q

How often did Germany elect a new president?

A

Every 7 years - it was the president’s responsibility to elect a Chancellor

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12
Q

What voting system did Germany have?

A

Proportional Representation - you have the number of seats that is the same as the percentage of the votes that you got in the election

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13
Q

What is Article 48?

A

A rule that says that the president can suspend the consititution, (rule by themselves) in a case of national emergency

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14
Q

Why is proportional representation bad?

A

It is extremely hard to get over 50% of the votes, meaning that coalitions would have to be formed, which can create serious issues for the country as it causes political instability

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15
Q

Why did Weimar having senior civil servants become a weakness?

A

They were often biased and hungover on the old kaiser, and didn’t like the idea of a new democracy with liberal policies

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16
Q

Why were Army Leaders a weakness of Weimar?

A

They wanted the Kaiser back, or have a strong leader which made them unreliable

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17
Q

Why was the Weimar unpopular in Germany?

A

People felt betrayed because they surrendered in a war which they felt they could have one, also failed to end the food shortages

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18
Q

What is the Treaty of Versailles?

A

The peace treaty that was used to end WW1 - put together by the big 3 (France, America, UK),

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19
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles relating to Land?

A
  • Germany’s colonies were given to the big 3
  • Germany had to de-militarise the Rhineland
  • Germany lost 13% of it’s land
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20
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles relating to the army?

A
  • Army was reduced to 100,000
  • Germany could only have 6 battleships
  • No aeroplanes, submarines or tanks were allowed
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21
Q

How much did Germany have to pay because of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

£6.6 billion in repairations

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22
Q

What was the term of the Treaty of Versailles relating to blame?

A

Germany had to accept the blame for starting the war (named the “War Guilt Cause” of Article 231)

23
Q

What were German reactions to the Treaty?

A
  • “Dolchstoss” - they felt “stabbed in the back”
  • “DIktat” - they felt it was forced upon them (meaning dictated peace)
  • “November criminals” - name for German politicians who signed the peace treaty and stopped the war
24
Q

Which groups was Weimar Germany the most unpopular with?

A

The nationalists, socialists and communists

25
Q

What did “Far Right” people believe in?

A

People who want to have a strong leader, not really caring for people’s individual rights, e.g. nationalists

26
Q

What did “Far Left” people believe in?

A

People who want everyone to be equal, e.g. communists

27
Q

Why did Communists not like the Weimar republic?

A

At this time, Lenin was popular in Russia, and German people were inspired by his actions (however, Lenin led to death and destruction, so Weimar was worried), and they started forming groups called “soviets”
The Weimar then made a deal with the Friekrops and the army which led to hundreds of deaths in the Spartacist Revolution

28
Q

What were the “Friekrops”?

A

Ex-WW1 soldiers who refused to give up their weapons

29
Q

Who led the Spartacist uprising?

A

Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Leibknecht

30
Q

What was the Spartacist uprising?

A

Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Leibknecht planned an uprising and took to the streets in 1918 and attempted to overthrow the Weimar. The Friekorps destroyed them, killing hundreds as well as the ring leaders

31
Q

What were the consequences of the Spartacist uprising for Weimar?

A

People that were far-left would never trust Weimar again, and would never want to work with them

32
Q

What was the Kapp Putch?

A

An uprising made by Wolfgang Cap and the leader of the Friekorps, who were both angry about the restriction of the army to 100,000 soldiers

33
Q

What happened in the Kapp Putch?

A

The army marched and seized Berlin, and other soldiers refused to help Weimar, so Weimar decided to ask the workers to go on strike which worked, and the uprising failed

34
Q

How were right and left-wing uprisings treated?

A

Left-winged uprisings were treated harshly, while right-winged uprisings were treated more leniently, which led to political assasinations (337 murdered)

35
Q

What did the result of the Kapp Putch mean?

A

Weimar could not rely on itself, it had to ask others for help when it was needed

36
Q

What were the long-term causes of hyperinflation?

A
  • £6.6 billion sum for Treaty of Versailles (£100 million each year)
  • Germany had lost lots of land, particularly wealthy areas which would help them with reperations
  • Due to the coalition governments, no clear decisions were made about how to pay the reperations
  • Therefore, they printed more money to pay off the Treaty, and their own people
37
Q

What were short-term causes of hyperinflation?

A
  • Germany failed to pay reperations, so France and Belgium take goods in exchange (this way mainly targeted in Germany’s most wealthy areas, the Ruhr)
  • Germany uses both passive (making deliberate mistakes, working slowly) and violent protests (setting factories on fire), causing tension which led the French to shoot some German strikers
  • Weimar chose to back the strikers, and print more money to help, leading to extreme hyperinflation
38
Q

What is the definition of hyperinflation?

A

Hyperinflation is when prices rise so rapidly and quickly over a short period of time that money loses it’s value

39
Q

What were the negative impacts of hyperinflation?

A
  • People lost all their savings
  • People could not afford basic goods such as bread
  • There were food shortages
  • The Weimar Government were blamed
40
Q

What were the positive impacts of hyperinflation?

A
  • Businessmen were able to pay off their debts
  • Farmers benefited from the increased demand of food
41
Q

Who was Gustav Stresseman?

A
  • A man who played a crucial role in the recovery of Weimar Republic
    His time as a foreign secretary intoduced policies that re-established the international position of Germany
  • Built closer relations with Britain and France
42
Q

What was the Rentenmark?

A

Temporary currency that was introduced after hyperinflation

43
Q

What was the Dawes Plan of 1924?

A
  • Reduced the amount of yearly payments that was to be made (1.5 billion in the first year, then 2.5 billion over the coming years)
  • Ruhr was to be evacuated by allied troops
  • US would give loans to Germany
44
Q

What was the Young Plan of 1929?

A
  • Reduced the reperations payment from £6.6 billion to £1.85 billion, giving Germany more time to pay it off
  • The time that Germany had to pay it was extended to 59 years
45
Q

What were the strengths of the recovery from hyperinflation?

A
  • The loans from America allowed the country to prosper
  • Increase in wages
  • Improved relationships between workers and employers
  • Unemployment dropped from 9 million in 1926 to 6 million in 1928
46
Q

What were the weaknesses of the recovery from hyperinflation?

A
  • Farmers experienced a worldwide depression because of drought
  • Their economy depended on America
  • The recovery did not affect the lower-middle class, they felt ignored by the Weimar Republic
47
Q

What was the Locarno pact?

A
  • Germany signed this with Britain, Italy, France and Belgium
  • Agreed to keep the existing borders between Germany, Belgium and France
48
Q

What did the League of Nations do?

A
  • Germany became a permanent member of the League of Nations
  • Marked Germany’s return to the “Great Power” status
  • However, many Germans regarded the league as the guardian of the tov
49
Q

What was the Kellogg- Briand Pact?

A
  • Germany and 64 other nations agreed that they would keep their armies for self-defense
  • Improved relations with America and other European nations including Germany
50
Q

What happened as a result of the growing wealth in Germany?

A
  • People were less likely to vote for extreme political parties, meaning the Weimar increased it’s popularity
  • The most popular party was the social democrats, and the Nazi’s were declining in popularity
51
Q

What were social changes that happened during the Golden Years?

A
  • Wages went up by 10%, so Germans had more money to spend
  • Over 10 million new homes were built between 1924-1931 (as a result, homelessness went down by 60%)
  • Unemployment insurance was created and people were paid if they lost their jobs
  • However, the middle classes did not benefit from any of these, or the Golden Age
52
Q

What was the role of women in the Golden Years?

A
  • Women were given the vote in 1920
  • They had equal access to education and most jobs
  • The number of women working stayed the same, but they began to do different jobs
  • Women had more social freedom, e.g. going out unescorted, wearing new fashions, drinking alchohol (shocked right-wing conservatists)
53
Q

What were the cultural changes during the Golden Years?

A
  • Weimer ended censorship, so artists could express themselves freely
  • New buildings were made that combined art and technology (the forefront of this was the Bauhaus school)
  • Lots of films were created, and film was beginning to develop
  • Artists wanted to show was society was like, and tried to show it in an objective way, hence the “objective” movement

History (4 decks)

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