NAVLE Flashcards
What is 4-Ipomeanol toxicity clinically indistinguishable from?
Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema and Edema (ABPEE, Fog Fever)
What are the clinical signs of Acer rubrum (red maple) toxicity?
- Methemoglobinemia
- Hein body anemia
- Intravascular hemolysis
- Weakness
- Polypnea
- Tachycardia
- Depression
- Icterus
- Cyanosis
- Brownish discoloration of blood and urine
Which species is affected by acetaminophen toxicity?
Cats
What are the clinical signs of acetaminophen toxicity in cats?
- Salivation
- Depression
- Pale mucous membranes
- Cyanosis
- Brown blood (methemoglobinemia)
- Dark brown urine
What is aflatoxicosis caused by?
Toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus
What are the clinical signs of acute aflatoxicosis?
- Liver damage
- Widespread hemorrhages
- Icterus
- Death
Which plants contain alkaloids that cause toxicity?
- Delphinium spp. (larkspur)
- Rhododendron spp. (azaleas)
- Solanum spp. (nightshade)
What does Alsike clover poisoning cause in horses?
- Photosensitivity
- Big liver disease
What are the clinical signs of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity?
- Hemorrhage
- Pale and dry mucous membranes
- Tachycardia
- Weak pulse
What is the treatment for anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity?
- Emesis
- Activated charcoal +/- sorbitol
- Vitamin K1 for 4 weeks
What are the clinical signs of arsenic toxicity?
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Hematochezia
- Weakness
- Prostration
Which species are affected by black walnut toxicity?
Horses
What does blue-green algae ingestion cause?
Hepatotoxicosis
What are the clinical signs of bracken fern toxicity?
- Incoordination
- Depression
- Muscle tremors
- Ataxia
- Blindness
- Staggers in horses
What does bromethalin rodenticide inhibit?
ATP production in neurons
What are the clinical signs of cantharidin toxicity?
- Colic
- Renal disease
- Hematuria
- Hemorrhagic gastritis
- Dark injected mucous membranes
- Preacute death
What are the SLUD clinical signs associated with carbamate toxicity?
- Salivation
- Lacrimation
- Urination
- Defecation
What plants are considered cardiotoxic?
- Oleander
- Foxglove
- Lily of the valley
- Yew
- Azalea
What does Centaurea spp. cause in horses?
Nigropallidal encephalomalacia
What toxic effects does cholecalciferol rodenticide cause?
- Hypercalcemia
- Hyperphosphatemia
- Organ injury
What are the clinical signs of copper toxicity in sheep?
- Severe gastroenteritis
- Abdominal pain
- Diarrhea
- Anorexia
- Dehydration
- Shock
What is cyanide toxicity associated with?
Seeds of apples, apricots, cherries, peaches, plums, and certain grasses
What are the clinical signs of cyanide toxicity?
- Excitement
- Rapid respiration
- Dyspnea
- Salivation
- Muscle fasciculation
- Spasms
- Staggering
- Collapse
- Death
What is the treatment for ergotism?
No specific treatment, supportive care
What does ethylene glycol poisoning cause in the first stage?
Neurological phase with knuckling, ataxia, vomiting, and drunken behavior
What are the clinical signs of fescue mycotoxicosis?
- Lameness
- Hyperthermia
- Abdominal fat necrosis
What toxic compound is present in fishmeal?
Ethoxyquin
What does lead toxicity cause in animals?
- CNS signs
- Encephalopathy
- Head pressing
- Maniacal excitement
- Blindness
What are the clinical signs of locoweed toxicosis?
- Aggression
- Ataxia
- Depression
- Circling
- Vision loss
What does lupine sp. cause in cattle if ingested during a specific gestational period?
Arthrogryposis (Crooked calf syndrome)
What is the treatment for metaldehyde toxicity?
Diazepam
What are methylxanthine alkaloids commonly found in?
Chocolate
What are the clinical signs of colic in cattle?
Colic, stiffness, tachycardia, posterior paresis, and increased CK.
What does marijuana toxicity cause in animals?
Prolonged sedation, hypotension, bradycardia, hypothermia, and mydriasis.
What is the active ingredient in molluscicides that causes seizures?
Metaldehyde.
What are methylxanthine alkaloids commonly found in?
Chocolate.
What clinical signs are associated with methylxanthine alkaloids?
Excitement, seizures, and arrhythmias.
What does molybdenum toxicosis cause in animals?
Secondary deficiency in copper and ADR signs.
What are the signs of molybdenum toxicosis?
- Achromotrichia
- Speckles
- Rough coat
- Decreased milk yield
- Lameness
- Peat scours
- Teart
What are the clinical signs of mothball toxicity?
GI signs, hemolytic anemia, and Heinz bodies.
What mycotoxins can cause hepatic injury in animals?
- Aflatoxins
- Fumonisins
What does nitrate toxicity cause in animals?
Methemoglobinemia, leading to dark brown blood and gray mucous membranes.
What is the treatment for nitrate toxicity?
1% of methylene blue.
What are the clinical signs of organophosphate toxicity?
SLUDDE: salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, dyspnea, and emesis.
What is the treatment for organophosphate toxicity?
- Emesis
- Activated charcoal
- Diazepam
- Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM)
- Atropine
What does oxalate toxicity lead to in animals?
Hypocalcemia or kidney failure due to calcium oxalate crystals.
What are common sources of oxalate toxicity?
- Sarcobatus vermiculatus
- Oxalis
- Rumex
- Halogeton
- Amaranthus
- Chenopodium
What should be done if painting and varnishing products are ingested?
Administer milk or water, GI protectants for several days, and monitor for ulcers.
What are the clinical signs of penitrem A toxicity?
- Restlessness
- Hypersalivation
- Incoordination
- Fine motor tremors
- Seizures
What is the treatment for penitrem A toxicity?
- Emesis (if possible)
- Activated charcoal
- Methocarbamol
- Diazepam
- GI protectants
What causes primary photosensitization?
Components that become photodynamic, such as St. John’s wort.
What plants can cause secondary photosensitization?
- Rape (Brassica sp)
- Blue-green algae
- Groundsel (senecio sp)
- Rattle weed (Crotalaria retusa)
- Amsinckia intermedia
What toxin is found in ponderosa pine and what does it cause?
Isocupressic acid, causing vasoconstriction and ischemia.
What are the effects of pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
Hepatic injury and potential liver failure.
What are the clinical signs of quercus spp toxicity?
- Pale swollen kidneys
- Peri-renal edema
- Congenital abnormalities in calves
What is the most sensitive species to salt toxicosis?
Pigs.
What does sago palm ingestion cause?
Acute hepatic necrosis and is lethal.
What fungus is associated with slaframine toxicosis?
Rhizoctonia leguminocola.
What are the clinical signs of sorghum toxicity?
- Posterior incoordination
- Urinary incontinence
What is the teratogenic effect of griseofulvin?
Causes teratogenic effects, especially in cats and horses.
What do trichothecenes cause?
Vomiting and immune suppression.
What does urea toxicity cause in animals?
Wildly aberrant behavior and acute death.
What are the effects of veratrum spp ingestion during early gestation?
Cyclopia and early embryonic death.
What does zeralone toxicosis lead to?
Reproductive dysfunction such as estrogenism.
What does zinc deficiency cause?
Non-pruritic parakeratosis.
What is a common cause of zinc toxicity?
Puppies eating pennies.
What is the clinical presentation of white muscle disease?
Sudden death and endocardial plaques.
What can help prevent white muscle disease?
Treatment with vitamin E and selenium.
