NAVLE Flashcards
Resting Energy Requirement
30*BW+70
Equine Nerve Blocks
Palmer Digital
- palmer aspect of hoof
Abaxial sesamoid
- proximal interphalangeal joint & distal
Low 4 Point
- pastern / metacarpophalangeal joint and distal
High 4 point
- fet lock / carpus & distal
Ds in Unweaned pigs
● Clostridium perfringens A and C
● Clostridium difficile
● E. Coli
● Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)
● Coccidia (Isospora suis and Eimeria spp.)
● Rotavirus
Ds in Weaned Pigs
● Lawsonia
● swine dysentery
● trichuris suis
● ascaris suum
● salmonella
● 1-7 day old pigs
● onset of watery yellow and often bloody diarrhea.
● dark red small intestines with hemorrhage
Dz, prevention?
● Clostridium perfringens A and C
● Prevention: vaccination of sows prior to birth
● 1-2 days old pigs
● Pasty yellow to watery diarrhea.
● Clostridium Diff
● 1-14 Days Old and First 2 Weeks Post Weaning pigs
● poor management practices & low temps.
● White to yellowish watery diarrhea with gas and fetid odor
● May see tail necrosis
● E. coli
● oral fluids and atibiotics
● All ages but usually 1-5wk old pigs
● gray, pasty feces with poorly digested feed.
● Rotavirus
● supportive care
● All age pigs
● Vomiting is often initial sign but not always present.
● Diarrhea with curds of undigested milk
● Transmissible Gastroenteritis
● caused by coronavirus
● biosecurity is key
● 5-15 day old pigs
● Fetid, yellow to white diarrhea
● “sheep pellet feces”.
● round oocysts in feces
treatment?
● Isospora suis
● treat w/ sulfamethazine or ponazuril
● pigs >25kg
● thickening of the intestinal mucosa with a fibrinonecrotic membrane
● Lawsonia
● injectable antibiotics to affected and antibiotics in feed to others
● pigs >25kg
● Mucoid large bowel diarrhea with flecks of blood.
● large intestine mucosa covered by gray mucus layer or yellow necrotic debris
dz,treatment?
● swine dysentery
● treat w/ antibiotics often in water
● pigs 3 mo & older
● hemorrhagic diarrhea.
● observation of double-operculated eggs
● Trichuris suis
● treated w/ dichlorvos or benzimidazoles
● pigs 2-3 mo & older
● intestinal obstruction
● subcapsular white spots in liver
● pneumonia & abdominal breathing (thumps)
● ascaris suum
● treated w/ fenbendazole, pyrantel, ivermectin & several other
● Pigs (2-3 Months and Up)
● generalized septicemia in younger pigs
● fever, yellow liquid diarrhea that may have flecks of necrotic debris in older pigs
● outbreaks of rectal strictures
Dz and treatment?
● Salmonella
● fecal culture or culture of mesenteric lymph nodes.
● Neomycin in water to herd
Common gram (-) bacteria
● E. coli
● Brucella
● Lepto
● pasturella
● Lawsonia
● Actinobacillus
● Pseudomonas
Common gram (+) bacteria
● Staph
● Strep
● Clostridium
● Truperella
● Erysipelas
● Fusobacterium (actually gram -)
● Actinomyces
● Rhodococcus
● Corynebacterium
Midwest, GI and respiratory, radiographs w/ Diffuse or linear, nodular interstitial pattern, hilar lymphadenopathy,
pleural effusion
Histoplasmosis
treat w/ Itraconazole
Hunting dogs, Ohio & Mississippi River, respiratory signs, thick walled budding yeast
Blastomycosis
treat w/ Amphotericin B if animal is deteriorating
itraconazole otherwise
cats, Pacific NW, roman nose & respiratory signs, round thick capsuled fungi on cytology
Cryptococcus
treat w/ amphotericin B
SW US, respiratory & lymphadenopathy & uveitis, spherules on cytology
Coccidioidomycosis
treat w/ Keotoconazole or Itraconazole
front feet lameness, lameness switches to other foot after palmer digital nerve block, positive heel pain on hoof tester, “reverse oreo” on sole radiographs; dz, treatment
navicular syndrome
treat by improving breakover, wedge or heel pad
lameness worsens after flexion of joint, can have joint effusion
osteoarthritis
○ “Bone spavin” = hock (especially intertarsal) joint OA
○ “High ringbone” = pastern joint OA (proximal interphalangeal)
○ “Low ringbone” = coffin joint OA (distal interphalangeal)
○ Lameness, often acutely nearly not-weight bearing
○ Increased digital pulse, heat in hoof
○ Positive to hoof testers throughout foot
○ coronet band may become soft and sensitive to palpation focally
dzand treat?
hoof abscess
- drain & poultice
treating joint contraction in foals
oxytetracycline
test results on blood are most useful in confirming ruptured badder
Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperphosphatemia
Dog gestation time
63 days
Salmonella Serotypes
- B: typhimurium
- C1: cholerasuis
- C2: Newport
- D: Dublin
- Enteriditis: in poultry
fish “Flashing” & small white spots on the skin and gills;
dz?
how to diagnose?
how to treat?
- Ich
- visualizing parasites on skin scrapes and gill biopsies
- formalin and hypersalinity
fish with skeletal deformation and neurological clinical signs
dz?
how to diagnose?
how to treat?
- Myxobolus cerebralis (“Whirling Disease”)
- visualizing spores in the cartilages of the head via histo or
pepsin-trypsin digest. - no effective treatment
fish; faruncles, hemorrhage, kidney and vent swelling,
and ulcers
dz?
how to treat?
Aeromonas salmonicida (“Furunculosis”)
- oxytetracycline, sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim, and florfenicol medicated feeds.
fish; petechiae on the fins, vent, and mouth, and ulcers
dz?
how to treat?
Vibriosis
- vaccinate
most well-known zoonotic fish pathogen
Mycobacteriosis (“Fish Handler’s Disease”)
