Navigation Flashcards
What is MEA?
Minimum Enroute IF altitude (MEA) – The lowest published altitude between radio fixes which assures acceptable navigational signal coverage and meets obstacle clearance requirements between those fixes.
Is the area before a displaced threshold usable for take-off or taxi?
Yes.
What does the “x” symbol on an enroute chart indicate?
A mileage beak or turning point.
If ATC instructs you to turn immediately to a designated heading on takeoff, when do you turn?
When ATC issues a clearance or instruction, pilots are expected to execute its provision upon receipt.
A VASI is good to what distance during the day/night? SM or NM?
These lights are visible from 3-5 miles during the day and up to 20 miles or more at night. The visual glide path of the VASI provides safe obstruction clearance within plus or minus 10 degrees of the extended runway centerline and to 4 NM from the runway threshold.
Computation for visual decent points…
Time- Take 10% of the HAT and subtract that from the time from FAF to MAP. Examples: MDA for LOC 27 (450) agl. Time on the approach is 3:00. 450x 10% = 45 seconds. Subtract 45 seconds from time from FAF to MAP 3:00 – :45 = 2:15 time on the approach to the VDP. Or :45 seconds from the runway.
What are the rules related to MOAs?
MOAs are established for the purpose of separating certain non – hazardous military activities from IFR traffic may be cleared through the MOA if IFR separation can be provided by ATC. Otherwise, ATC reroute traffic.
Two aircraft are traveling in the same direction 50 miles apart. Aircraft in the lead is going .76 mach, the aircraft in trail is going .86 mach. When will the second aircraft catch the first aircraft?
50 minutes. At FL260 0.1 mach = 1 mile per minute. At 50 miles apart, the faster aircraft will catch the slower aircraft in 50 minutes.
What does a steady Green light signal from a control tower mean?
Air- Cleared to land. Ground – Cleared for T/O.
How far apart do runways have to be to conduct simultaneous approaches to parallel runways?
An approach system permitting simultaneous ILS/MLS approaches to parallel runway with centerlines separated by 4,300 to 9,000 feet, and equipped with final monitor controllers. Simultaneous parallel ILS?MLS approaches require radar monitoring to ensure separation between aircraft on the adjacent parallel approach course.
Be able to compute holding time given fuel burn rate, fuel available, reserves, etc.
Example: Fuel burn in the hold is 3000 lbs. per engine (2). You have 5000 lbs. holding fuel, How long can you hold? 50 minutes. Note: Holding fuel is Gross Weight – Zero Fuel Weight.
What color and shape are compulsory checkpoints on an enroute chat?
Solid black and shaped as an equilateral triangle. Non-compulsory checkpoints are simply an outline of an equilateral triangle. A compulsory check point with name and INS coordinates is a solid black equilateral triangle with a small white dot within the triangle.
What does a flashing red light signal from a control tower mean?
Air- Airport unsafe, do not land. Ground – Taxi clear of runway in use.
If on a 3 degree glide slope at 700 feet per minute, as headwind increases what correction must be made?
Reduce the rate of descent (due to slower ground speed).
Bearing pointer moves from 5 degrees in front of the wing to 5 degrees behind the wing in 8 minutes, you are going 360 knots. How far from the station are you?
288NM. Distance to the station in NM= Minutes x Speed/Degrees. In this example, Distance = 8*360/10 OR 288 miles./nOr, another method is to use 2 simple formulas, Time in Seconds/ Degrees of bearing change = Minutes to station. With minutes to station, simply multiply by GS (in miles per minutes) to equal distance. 480 (8 minutes)/ 10 degrees = 48 minutes from the station. 48 minutes x 6 (miles per minute) = 288.
You are executing a missed approach on Runway 09 and get cleared to hold south on the 180 degree radial of the VOr on the field, at the 15 DME fix. What type entry?
Parallel Entry.
Define MVA…
Minimum Vectoring Altitudes (MVA) are established for use by ATC when radar ATC is exercised. Each sector boundary is at least 3 miles from the obstruction determining the MVA. To avoid a large sector with an excessively high MVA due to an isolated prominent obstruction, the obstruction may be enclosed in a buffer area whose boundaries are at least 3 miles from the obstruction.
You are on the 090 degree bearing to the station and are cleared to hold on the 060° bearing to the station. What is your initial heading outbound?
240 degree without wind correction. Extend outbound leg so that inbound leg is 1 minute (assuming standard hold). Triple inbound wind correction on outbound leg and use standard rate turns.
What is the proper procedure if the decision to miss is made prior to reaching the MAP?
Obstacle protection for missed approach is predicated on the missed approach being initiated at the decision altitude/height (DA/H) or at the missed approach point and not lower than minimum descent altitude (MDA).
Describe 4 different types of Airport Beacons…
Beacons rotate clockwise from above and at approximately 12PM. On average a pilot will see 24-30 flashes per minute. WHITE &GREEN- lighted land airport. 2WHITE AND 1 GREEN – Military airport. GREEN, YELLOW and WHITE –lighted HELIPORT. WHITE and YELLOW- lighted water airport.
What does a flashing white light signal from a control tower mean?
Air- N/A Ground – Return to starting point.
You are at FL350 going Mach.84, 112 miles from XYZ VOR. You are cleared to cross 12 miles outside of XYZ at 10,000ft and 250 KIAS. IAS in the Descent is 300Kts when do you start down?
Use 3 miles per 1000 feet of altitude loss, and 1 mile for every 10 knots to slow the airplane. 3×25=75 miles, 50kts of airspeed loss will take 5 miles.75+5+12=92 DME from XYZ VOR.
The LOC inbound course is 360°, the final app fix is the XYZ VOR 090° radial at 20 DME. You are on the 288° Bearing to the station, established on the LOC. How far is the Final App Fix?
6 miles. 60 to 1 Rule. 60 miles out, 1 Deg = 1 mile, 20 miles out, 1 Deg = 1/3 mile. Bearing difference is 18 Deg/3 = 6 miles.
What airspeed do you hold at when you are at 8000 ft?
230 kts.
Are holding patterns drawn to scale on Approach charts?
Generally, no.
Mach number and ground speed conversions: Take speed of sound (given in chart form) x mach number, + or – for temp different from standard.
FL250 Mach.7, Temp -4OC. 600x.7=420 (600 is speed of sound at FL250) this is TAS on a std day. Std Temp for FL250 is =-35C. ( Lapse rate 2C/1000ft, 15C at Sea Level {2 s 25=50,50=15=35C}) Actual temp at FL250 is -40C, 5deg colder than std. 5 x 1.2 = 6kts. (1.2 is the speed of sound change per deg C, increase speed with increase in temperature)Correction (colder than std, subtract 6kts) Answer: 420 – 6 = 414kts.
The following reports should be made to ATC or FSS facilities without a specific ATC request…
Vacating any previously assigned altitude or flight level for a newly assigned altitude. Altitude change if operating on a clearance specifying VFR-on-top. When unable to climb/descend at a rate of a least 500 fpm. On missed approach. Change I airspeed by 5 percent or 10kts (whichever is greater) from filed. The time and altitude upon reaching a holding fix to which cleared. When leaving any assigned holding fix o point.
What speed should you use when diverting to an alternate?
14 CFR part 121 fuel requirements for domestic, flag and supplemental: 3. Thereafter, to fly for 45 minutes at normal cruising fuel consumption.
You are on an ILS and the preceding aircraft reports a speed loss of 20kts. What do you do?
Discontinue the approach. The definition of severe wind shear is “a rapid change in wind direction or velocity cause airspeed changes greater than 15 knots…”
What is a MEA?
MEA, or Minimum Enroute IFR Altitude, is the lowest published altitude between radio fixes that meets obstacle clearance requirements between those fixes and in many countries assures acceptable navigational signal coverage.
When is a takeoff alternate required under Part 121?
if the weather condition at the airport of takeoff are below the landing minimums in the certificate holder’s operations specifications for that airport, no person may dispatch or release an aircraft from that airport.
How is a grid MORA displayed on an enroute chat?
Grid MORAs are displayed in a light green (when less than 14,000 feet and maroon when above 14,000 feet), bolded san serif font on Enroute Charts in hundreds of feet. They provide 1,000 feet clearance of all terrain and man- made structures in area where the highest elevations are 5,000 feet MSL and 2,000 foot clearance In areas where the highest elevations are 5,001 feet MSL o higher.
Be able to compute descent rates, given speed in mach numbers, distance, and altitude to lose.
To verify the airplane is on an approximate 3 degree glide-path, use a calculation of 300-foot-to-1-NM. The glide-path height above TDZE is calculated by multiplying the NM distance from the threshold by 300.
Class “D” airspace description and limitations?
Surface to 2,500 AGL surrounding an airport with an operating control tower. Normally circular area with a radius of 4NM. VFR operations; Visibility of 3NM, cloud clearance of 500 below, 1,000 above and 2,000 horizontally ceiling of 1000 feet or special VFR. Two way communication must be established prior to entry.
Name any 3 of the 12 keywords that must be part of the text after the location identifier in a NOTAM D…
RWY, TWY, RAMP, APRON, AD,OBST,NAV,COM,SVC,AIRSPACE,U or O.
How far away can a takeoff alternate be for an aircraft with two or more engines?
Aircraft having two engines. Not more than one hour from the departure airport at normal cruising speed in still air with one engine inoperative. Aircraft having three or more engines. Not more than two hours from the departure airport at normal cruising speed in still air with one engine inoperative
