Navigation Flashcards
<p>Escarpment</p>
<p>large cliff face, long steep slope seperating areas of land</p>
<p>culvert</p>
<p>tunnel under road crossing</p>
<p>intermittent</p>
<p>relating to water areas on and off seasons</p>
<p>perenial</p>
<p>continual and long lasting all year</p>
<p>wind break</p>
<p>line of trees (a row)</p>
<p>levee</p>
<p>an embankment built to prevent overflow of a river</p>
<p>contours, sand</p>
<p>orange/brown</p>
<p>rivers, lakes, swamps</p>
<p>blue</p>
<p>vegetation</p>
<p>green</p>
<p>built up areas</p>
<p>red brown</p>
<p>artifical, railways, buildings</p>
<p>black</p>
<p>overprint, tactical, aero</p>
<p>purple</p>
<p>what to trust most when navigating?</p>
<p>natural non man made features</p>
<p>standing facing the rising sun</p>
<p>is east</p>
<p>Face the sun at midday and you are</p>
<p>facing south</p>
<p>Maps using lat/long are referenced to true north, the direction of north and south pole</p>
<p>tru</p>
<p>map using eastings and northings will reference</p>
<p>grid north to the grid system being used</p>
<p>Grid Magnetic Angle (Declination)</p>
<p>is difference between TN and MN either easterly or westerly (WA)</p>
<p>MGA (Magnet to Grid Add)</p>
<p>Easterly variations, compass to map. 0.60m + 10.8E = 071G)</p>
<p>GMS (Grid to Magnetic Subtract)</p>
<p>Easterly variations, map to compass. 145G - 10.8E = 134M</p>
<p>Take mills declination and divide by the number of years to now. Add that to the easterly/westerly.</p>
<p>true</p>
<p>Western Australia things to know</p>
<p>Westerly variation, MGS (Magnetic to Grid Subtract), GMA (Grid to Magnetic Add)</p>
<p>Universal Transverse Mercator Grid (UTM)</p>
<p>Covers all but polar regions of the world</p>
<p>1:25000 to 1: 100 000</p>
<p>intervals of 1000M</p>
<p>1: 250 000 to 1: 500 000</p>
<p>intervals of 10 000M</p>
<p>1:1 000 000</p>
<p>intervals of 100 000M</p>
<p>Eastings before northing</p>
<p>crawl before climb</p>
<p>4 figure grid ref accurate to</p>
<p>1000M</p>
<p>6 figure grid reference accurate to </p>
<p>100M</p>
<p>8 figure grid reference accurate to</p>
<p>10M (can only be given on map 1: 50 000 or larger)</p>
<p>when reading start at bottom left hand of square for easting</p>
<p>true</p>
<p>when starting next, bottom line of square for northing</p>
<p>true</p>
knoll
low detahced hill
spur
a minor feature, generally in the form of a ridge running out from a main feature
saddle
a depression in between two high features
re-entrant
is a depression in between spurs
spot height
generally used to indicate the crests of major and minor features
steep slope
contours close together represent a steep slope
gentle slope
contours far apart indicate a gentle slope
convex slope
when the spacing of contours decreases, reading from high to low, the slope is convex.
concave slope
when the spacing of contours increases, reading from high to low, the slope is concave.
uniform slope
a uniform slope has contours which are evenly spaced. A uniform slope can be gentle or steep.
Vertical distance is B - A
true
Horizontal distance is distance between A and B
true
Gradient is VD over HD = whatever = fraction.
true
1:1 gradient is
very steep
1:10 gradient is
not steep
degree circle divided into
360 degrees
1 degree =
60 minutes
1 minute =
60 seconds
mil system circle divided into 6400 mils
tru
1 mil is 1m at 1000m
true
converting from mils to degrees
mils x 0.05625
convert from degrees to mils
degrees x 17.78
protractor
use facing way of travel, facing right for o to 3200 and facing left for 3200 to 6400 (works like a clock face)
Bearing
draw pencil line from A to B and make sure line extends past destination, make sure index mark is directly over A.
To use string place centre marker over A (not as accurate)
Planning considerations vegeation
vegeation is usually less dense
Planning considerations ridges
are a guide to direction
Planning considerations observation
of landsmarks is often easier
animals
often make tracks on ridges so the going may be easier than in valleys
rivers
rivers often widing and border by vegeation. In rugged country following rivers is not recommended
close country
is slow, plot straight course, avoid having to nav map to ground. Distances travelled usually over estimated. As visibility is limited, a small undulation may be mistaken for a significant spur. A straight route on compass bearing should be followed rather than nav from feature to feature
Deciding route
light pencil on map and mentally traverse for any issues. Select bounds, no more than an hours march apart. Determine mag bearing, distance and estimated time between each leg. record on nav data sheet.
Estimating distance
by pace and time
From a map only accurate if ground is flat.
Calculating: 1 - Determine the number of paces over 100M
Paces/100=120
2 - Determine how many 100M lengths in total distance.
We do this by divising the total distance by 100
300/100=3
3 - Multiply the result from step 2 by your number of paces per 100M
3x120=360 paces
Therefore 360 paces to destination
Good to have a chart
100M is 120paces etc
Averages
Average soldier with equipment moves 5km/hr
Non tac, day, open undulating
5km/hr
Non tac, day, close flat country
3km/hr
Non tac day, extreme rough terrain, sand or snow
1.5km/hr
tac, day, open undulating
2km/hr
tac, day, close flat country
1km/hr
tac, night, open undulating
1km/hr
tac, night, in close flat country
100-500m/hr
Estimating time
1 - rate of movement = 5000m/hr
2 - We do this by dividing the distance by the rate of movement and multiplying by 60 to get the number of minutes
600/5000 x 60 = 7.2mins
Thereforefore 600m would take approx 7mins.
Alternate method is label -
5000m
60mins
Conduct of nav
can check stars between stars at 250 mils to 500 mils at night (must check regularly as stars move every 20mins)
Aiming off to a more prominent feature a good way so you dont mis your feature
Bypassing
plot 1600mils off and count paces. turn inwards and walk again till around feature. Then return 1600mils back and count paces. then continue on to destination.
Tips
plot your course and detours dont just make it up
check compass regularley
locate each bound before proceeding to next one
allow for error in small features
