naval history midterm Flashcards
Guerre de course
commerce raiding aka privateering
Naval strategy focused on disrupting enemy commerce through merchant shipping.
used by weaker naval force
Significance of Guerre de course
Emphasizes importance of economic warfare
Weaken enemy resources without engaging in large scale naval battles
seen mainly in: the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812
Impressment
The act of forcibly recruiting individuals into military service, often used by the British Navy in the 18th and 19th centuries and was also used by the Confederate government during the Civil War.
Significance of Impressment
Contributed to tensions between britain and the US
One of the causes of War of 1812
Took sailors and forced them to serve for them during Napoleonic Wars
Blockade
An effort to cut off supplies, trade, or communication from a particular area by military means.
Significance of Blockade
Can cripple enemy’s economy and war effort; determining outcome of conflicts
Naval blockade by the Union along Mississippi prevented goods from getting to the confederacy.
German boats bypassed easily
Tactical/Operational/Strategic Levels of War
The three levels of military planning and execution: tactical (individual battles), operational (campaigns), and strategic (overall political war objectives).
Significance of Tactical/Operational/Strategic Levels of War
Understanding these help leaders think critically about conflict complexities
Ensures that actions at all levels are coordinated
Carl von Clausewitz’ Theory of War
Theoretical framework that emphasizes “war as a continuation of politics by other means” highlighting the interplay of chance, chaos, and human emotion (friction)
AND SOMETHING ELSE!!!
IN NOTES ON IPAD CHOOSE SOME
significance of Carl von Clausewitz’ Theory of War
Influenced military strategy and political thinking about war.
Fog of War
Friction/Fog of war: “Everything is war is very simple, but the simplest
thing is difficult.” ON NOTES IN IPAD
Attrition Warfare
a strategy where a navy aims to gradually wear down an enemy fleet by inflicting continuous losses through sustained combat, essentially winning by outlasting the opponent through sheer exhaustion of their ships, personnel, and resources, rather than seeking a single decisive battle
Maneuver Warfare
Maneuver warfare is a military strategy that uses movement, surprise, and initiative to gain an advantage over an enemy. The goal is to defeat the enemy by disrupting their ability to react, rather than by physically destroying their forces.
Civil War at sea is an example of what
war of maneuver vs. war of attrition
Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote what book? AND WHEN?
“The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783” (1890):
Significance of Alfred Thayer Mahan and his book
Eventually had a huge impact on U.S. imperialism and naval investment.
outlines his
theories on the importance of sea power and its impact on global politics and military
strategy. He argues that naval supremacy was a crucial factor in the rise and fall of nations
throughout history.
DIME
Diplomatic
Informational
Military
Economic
Great White Fleet
1907
The Great White Fleet was a significant naval expedition in the early 20th century demonstrated American naval power and helped establish the United States as a major world power
s primary mission was to make friendly courtesy visits to numerous countries while displaying new U.S. naval power to the world
Huntington’s Objective Civilian Control
a clear separation between military and political roles. separation helps prevent the military from interfering in political
processes.
operates under a set of
established norms and standards, prioritizing competence and expertise over political considerations.
civilians set broad
policies and objectives, they do not dictate how military operations are conducted.
military must maintain institutional autonomy to be effective,
seeks to guard against the dangers of military influence in politics. By ensuring that military leaders do not engage in political activities and that civilians do not interfere in military matters,
Keynesianism
Military Keynesianism is an economic policy that involves the government increasing military spending to stimulate economic growth
Boxer Rebellion
Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901): U.S. troops were deployed to help suppress this anti-foreign uprising and protect foreign nationals and properties in Beijing.
Economic Trade/Open Door Policy: The U.S. sought to ensure equal trading rights in China for all nations, and military presence helped assert this policy against European colonial powers.
Significance of Boxer Rebellion
The U.S. aimed to maintain its influence in China amid competing foreign interests, supporting a stable government favorable to American interests.
Progressivism
advocated for significant modernization and professionalization, heavily influenced by the ideas of science, technology, and expertise, leading to the development of a modern, globally capable fleet
Schlieffen Plan
Prior to World War I, The Schlieffen Plan established that, in case of the outbreak of war, Knock France out of the war before Britain and Russia have the time to mobilize
Focus on Western Front first and then shift to Eastern Front with Russia
galopli campaign
aimed to relieve pressure on the Eastern and Western Fronts by diverting Central Powers’ resources and attention.
Control of the Dardanelles Strait was vital for establishing a sea route to Russia, allowing for the transportation of supplies and military support.
Intended to bolster relationships with allies, particularly Russia, and demonstrate military cooperation among the Allies.
Weakening the Ottoman Empire: Targeting the Ottoman Empire was seen as a way to weaken one of the Central Powers
Achieving a Quick Victory
American Revolution Causes
Lunsford: unrest w boston massacre, intolerable acts, boston tea party, british soldiers forced quartering
Battle of Yorktown
Outnumbered and outfought during a three-week siege in which they sustained great losses, British troops surrendered to the Continental Army and their French allies. This last major land battle of the American Revolution led to negotiations for peace with the British and the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
