Nav Rules Flashcards
COLREGS
International Regulations for Prevention of Collisions at Sea
Called 72colregs Adopted 1972. Developed by IMO.
IMO
International Maritime Organization
International rules, Rules of Execution means . . .
I am doing xxx . . .
Inland rules, Rules of Intent means . . .
I Intend to do xxx . . . Advise and consent
How do we determine if Inland or International rules apply
Demarcation lines delineate whether inland or international rules comply
Watch words and phrases
All.
Never
Any.
Always
May.
According to the rule
Deemed to exist
Shall
Lights for a submarine
MAY display intermittent flashing yellow beacon
1 sec for 3 secs, 3 secs off
Rule one
International
A rules apply to all vessels
B these rules do not interfere with special rules
C these rules do not interfere with additional station, signal lights or whistle signals especially for fishing fleets or war vessels in a convoy
D separation scheme may be adopted
E special construction vessel must comply as close as possible, like jet skis
Rule one.
Inland
A rules apply to inland waters and great lakes and US boats on Canadian waters of grt lakes as long as don’t conflict with Canadian rules
B special rules are inland rules
C addtnl lights may be used as long as won’t be confused with international rules
D traffic separation rules may be adopted
E special construction will comply with rules as closely as possible like jet skis secretary of ?navy shall make determinations
Rule two
A Rule of good seamanship
B General Prudential Rule
A. Follow the rules or everyone can be held responsible B. unless there is immediate danger
consequences of neglect to comply with rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen
due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collisions and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a departure from these rules necessary to avoid immediate danger
What is chart symbol for a light
Solid dot with grey exclamation mark
What is chart symbol for buoy
Open dot with open diamond
What is chart symbol for lighted Buoy
Grey o with grey halo and open diamond
NUC means
Not under command due to exceptional circumstances Like lost one or more engines, lost rudder . . .
RAM
Restricted in ability to maneuver because of its occupation or nature of its work
Laying cable, dredging, surveying, transferring cargo or persons while underway, mineclering, servicing navigation marks, launching or recovering aircraft, engaged in mineclearance operations
Towing only if severly restricted and declared
Underway
A vessel not anchored, attached to ground, or aground
Trawling and trolling
Trawling involves nets, trawls or fishing apparatus which restrict maneuverability
Have to be ENGAGED in fishing
Trolling is recreational fishing and not restricted
CBD
International only
Constrained by draft - power driven vessel because of her draft in relation to depth and width of navigable waters cannot deviate from her course
Inland all constrained so no one gets preferential treatment
Bowline
Secure knot even under a load
Easy to undo if NOT under load
Tie two lines together, secure something under load
Sheet bend
To join two ropes of unequal size. Thicker is loop - the bight
Not a binding knot
Cannot be tied under load
Needs two loose ends
Square knot
Also reef knot
Intended but Not a binding knot so Never use for critical loads
Do use for Sail covers, reeling lines,
Clove hitch
It slips and can bind
Hang fenders
Mooring to post if not great strain
Figure 8
Line stopper
Chart = sign
Joins exactly to another chart
Rule 3
Name types of vessels
Non displacement means hover craft
WIG means wing in ground international only
Sailing under sail no power on
Engaged in fishing means nets, lines, trawls, which restrict maneuverability Not trolling
NUC not under command
RAM nature of work restricts ability to maneuver and so is unable to keep out of way of other vessels according to rules
Seaplane should have Captains license
CBD constrained by draft international only
Rule 3.
In sight
Can see each other.
Visible
Restricted visibility is by fog, rain, snow, but not night
Western rivers
Mississippi and its tributaries
Not Hudson river
Great lakes and inland waters
Great Lakes and connecting tributaries - Calumet to Obrien locks, Chicago river to Ashland ave
Inland waters is navigable waters of US shoreward of the navigational demarcation lines dividing the high seas from harbors, rivers, and other inland waters
Rule 5
Look out
Every vessel shall maintain at all times a proper look out by sight and hearing as well as by any other means appropriate for conditions and circumstances to make a full appraisal of risk of collision
Rule 6
Safe speed
Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so can take proper and effective action to avoid a collision and be able to stop within a distance appropriate to circustances and conditions
Safe speed involves visibility, traffic, maneuverability of vessel, state of water like wind, waves, current, debris in water, at night the confusion of other lights and proximity of navigational hazards, draft in relation to available water
plus with operational radar within limits of radar equipment, range of scale, conditions and how radar interprets, the more exact assessment of visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine range of vessels and other objects.
Rule 7
Risk of collision
Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to circumstances to determine if risk of collision exists.
If in doubt risk is deemed to exist
Use radar if available, including long range, radar plotting
Risk is deemed to exist if compass bearing of approaching vessel does not change appreciably
Even so, risk may exist with very large vessels, or when approaching vessels at very close range or a Tow
C B D R
Rule 7
Constant Bearing Decreasing Range
shows risk of collision
even with bearing change, large ships, tows or very close may still pose risk
Rule 8
Action to avoid collision
Action taken to avoid collision shall be positive, done in ample time and in observance of good seamanship
Means large enough to be apparent, not many small corrections
Alteration of course may be all thats needed and most effective action if done large enough and soon enuf
Passing at safe distance until other vessel is past and clear
shall slaken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing propultion if needed to avoid or assess
Don’t make the other vessel alter his course
obligation to do everything possible to avoid collision in spite of right of way
Rule 9
Narrow channels International
Keep to starboard outer limit of channel as is safe and practical
boats 20 meter or less, fishing and sailing vessels cannot impede other vessels which can only safely travel in narrow channel or fairway
CROSSING vessel shall not impede other which MAY sound danger signal 5 short blasts
OVERTAKING requires advise and consent if requires action from vessel being passed
Blind bend with obstruction requires sound signal 1 blast 4 to 6 sec
No anchoring unless necessary
Rule 9
Narrow channel inland
same except
POWER DRIVEN Down bound vessel with following current has right of way over up bound vessel, propose manner and place of passing, initiate signals.
Upbound vessel against the current shall hold as necessary to permit safe passing
CROSSING situation the danger signal SHALL be sounded if in doubt five or more short blasts
OVERTAKING power driven vessel overtaking another power driven vessel shall signal intention, overtakEN vessel shall answer
Sound
Doubt or Danger signal
Five or more short blasts
mean lower low water
charts plot – means lower than normal low tide
Notice to Marines
dayly broadcast, weekly and monthly published can get online but expected to be on board
IALA B
Inland Association for Light Houses
red right return western hemisphere
IALA A
green right return eastern hemisphere
1 degree equals x nautical miles
1 degee = 60 nm
60 minutes per degree
we use tenths of minutes
T V D C
true compass reading ie charts
variance from chart
deviation from boat - chart ie magnets, metal, electronics
compass magnetic
going down add whiskey for west
psc
per steering compass
per magnetic compass
ships heading
steering a course of …
NOT BEARING
D.R.
dead reckoning
deduce reckoning
point on chart that you believe you are
speed made good
actual overall speed
average
ships log
entry every 2 hour or whenever something changes
Rule 10
Traffic separation scheme
stay in own lane going with traffic flow
stay out of traffic separation line or separation zone except for fishing and to avoid immediate danger
join at beginning or end, but if joining mid go at slight angle as possible
dont cross but if have to go right angle
vessels should not use inshore traffic zone if can safely use TSS or when going to port, or to avoid danger
less than 20 meters, sailing and vessels fishing may use inshore traffic zone.
no anchoring in TSS or near its terminations
-fishing shall not impede the passage of any vesel. -Less than 20 meter, fishing and sailing cannot impede power driven vessels using lanes -RAM when maintaining safety navigation or laying and servicing submarine cable are exempted
Rule 12
Sailing vessels hierarchy
wind on different side - port tack gives way to starboard vesse;
wind on same side - windward vessel gives way to leeward vessel
if vessel on port tack sees a vessel and cannot determine her tack, other vessel has right of way
windward side is deemed to be side opposite where mainsail is carried or largest fore-and-aft sail for square rigger
POW - port, overtaking, windward give way
Rule 13
Overtaking
any over taking vessel keeps out of way of overtaken vessel
overtaking is coming from behind within 22.5 degrees abaft of beam. At night can only see white stern light and not sidelights
If in doubt, assume overtaking
overtaken vessel shall not have to change course or speed if overtaking vessel wants to cross, PAST AND CLEAR
rule 14
Head on situation international
two power driven vessels meeting shall both alter course to starboard so both pass on port side
if in doubt assume risk exists
Rule 14
Head on Inland
same: both alter course to starboard, deemed to exist if in doubt
unless otherwise agreed, by means of radio, semaphore, etc downbound with following current vessels have right of way over upbound against current vessels, and shall initiate maneuvering signals
Rule 15
Crossing
stop light rule - Give way boat will see starboard boat’s Port RED light
When two POWER DRIVEN vessels crossing and at risk of collision, starboard vessel has right of way,
port vessel shall avoid crossing in front
INLAND Two Power Driven Vessels crossing river starboard vessel is stand on vessel
HOWEVER vessel crossing a river shall keep out of the way of a power driven vessel ascending or descending the river
Rule 16
Action by give way vessel
take early and substantial action to keep out of the way of other vessel
Rule 17
Action of stand on vessel
shall maintain course and speed but may take action to avoid collisoin as soon as it becomes apparent that the other vessel is not taking appropriate action
if action by give way vessel alone will not avoid collision, vessel SHALL take action (in extremis)
power driven vessel crossing with power driven vessel should not go to port if there is a vessel on the port side if you can help it
rule 18
Responsibilities between vessels
only new reels catch fish so purchase some worms
overtaken
not under command
restricted in ability to maneuver
constrained by draft (international only)
fishing
sailing
power
seaplane (then wig for international only)
Rule 19
Restricted visibility
vessels in or near restricted visibility shall proceed at safe speed with due regard to circumstances and conditions.
power vessel shall have engines ready for immediate maneuver
if radar detects risk, vessel shall take action but avoid going to port if other vessel forward of beam other than overtaking and avoid a course towards vessel abeam or abaft of beam
Unless KNOW no risk, any vessel which hears a ship forward of her beam by fog horn or in close quarters shall SLOW DOWN to minimum speed to keep course or even go to neutral (bare steerage)
Rule 20
Light and shapes displayed when
rules complied with in all weather
lights displayed sunset to sunrise
or sunrise to sunset in restricted visibility
no other lights displayed should confuse
Day shapes in day
Rule 21
Definitions of lights
masthead
sidelight
sternlight
tow light
all-round light
flashing light
masthead white 225 degrees (goes to 22.5 degrees abaft of beam) INLAND masthd<12 meters may be off centerline
sidelight red port, green starboard, 112.5 degrees INLAND <20m may be combined
sternlight white 135 degrees up to 22.5 degrees abaft of beam, 67.5 degrees each side
tow - yellow light like stern light
all-round - 360 degrees white,red,green,yellow
flashing - 120 flashes per minute or more
INLAND- special flashing yellow 50 - 70 flashes per min showing 180 - 225 degrees from front, not from stern. Visibility varies according to what’s being towed
Sound
Prolonged Short Short
Fog for
Towing
Sailing
RAM
Sound
Prolonged
fog signal for power driven vessel
4 to 6 secs
Sound
prolonged short short short
Fog signal
issued from manned towed vessel after
towing vessel sound prolonged short short
Sound Rule 33
Vessels shall carry . . .
12 meters or more - whistle
20 meters or more - bell
100 meters or more - gong
may use electronic equipment that makes the sounds, provided that manual sound shall always be possible
smaller vessels not obliged to carry, but must have a way of making efficiet sound signal
INLAND - Only 12 and 100 meter requirements
Sound Rule 34
Maneuvering and Warning Signals INLAND
When two power driven vessels are meeting or crossing at a distance within half a mile of each other:
One blast - I intend to leave you on my port side
Two blasts - I intend to leave you on my starboard side
Three blasts - I am operating stern propulsion
upon hearing signals if in agreement shall sound same signal and take steps to effect safe passing
If in doubt, sound 5 short blasts and take appropriate cautionary action until agreement is made
Lights may be used in addition to sound - 1, 2 and 3 flashes of 1 second relating to sounds, white or yellow all around light if fitted, synchronized with whistle
May use light due to windy, choppy conditions that might blow away sound or confuse sound
Sound Rule 34
Maneuvering and Warning Signals - International
When vessels are in sight of each other, a power driven vessel shall
one blast - I am altering course to starboard
two blasts - I am altering course to port
three blasts - I am operating astern propulsion
May supplement with light signals - 1, 2 and 3 light flashes of 1 sec each corresponding to sound
all around white light visible at range of 5 miles
Rule 35
Sound Signal in Restricuted Visibility International
in or near restricted visibility
power driven - 1 prolonged blast every 2 minutes
power driven underway but stopped - 2 prolonged blasts with 1 second between every 2 minutes
Sailing, NUC, RAM, CBD, engaged in fishing, towing, or pushing - 1 prolonged short short every 2 minutes
Fishing boat at anchor, RAM at anchor while working - also 1 prolonged short short every 2 minutes
Rule 34
Sound Signals continued
International
In narrow channel or fairway
A vessel overtaking another shall indicate her intention by
Long Long Short - meaning I intend to overtake you on your starboard side
Long Long Short Short - meaning I intend to overtake you on your port side
Vessel being overtaken shall show agreement by Long Short Long Short
Doubt or Danger used if needed
Blind Bend - Prolonged - given and should be answered if a vessel is there
Lights
Power Driven
Masthead light forward
Vessel 50 meters or more 2nd masthead higher and abaft of first
sigelights sternlight
<12m may exhibit all around white light and sidelights
<7meters, <=7 knots may show only all around white light (should show sidelights if possible) INTERNATIONAL
INLAND on Great Lakes may show all around white light in lieu of 2nd masthead and sternlight.
FOG: prolonged
Lights
Power Driven Non Displacement
Same as Power Drive
add all around flashing yellow light
when operating in displacement mode means like regular power driven vessel
FOG: Prolonged
Lights
Power Driven
WIG
power driven vessel
and when taking off, landing, and in flight near the surface shall add high intensity all around
RED flashing light
Lights
Towing Astern
two masthead lights in vertical line, if length of two is 200m or more, show 3 masthead lights in vertical line (measured from stern of two boat to stern of towed vesl)
(if masthead lights are displayed aft, must have addt’l masthead light forward)
sidelights sternlight
Yellow Towing light in a vertical line above the stern
Shape: black diamond when two >200m
FOG: Prolonged short short issued from manned tow
Lights
Towing Composite
regarded as power driven vessel
Lights
Towing Pushing ahead or alongside
INTERNATIONAL two masthead lights in a vertical line
sidelights sternlight
INLAND instead of sternlight, two yellow towing lights in vertical line (like sternlight - 135 degree visibility)
Yellow over Yellow, inland towing Fellow
FOG: prolonged short short
Lights
Towed vessel
sidelights
sternlights
if >200m display black diamond shape
INLAND vessel being pushed ahead shall show sidelights and special flashing light
INLAND vessels in group, show lights on outboard sides
FOG: prolonged short short short
Special = yellow - 50-70 flashes
Lights
Dracone etc.
inconspicuous partially submerged object
<25m 1 all around light at or near forward and one at or near aft end
Dracones (transport oil) need not display forward light
=>25m two addt’l all around white lights
>100m addt’l all around white lights so distance between lights will not exceed 100 m
diamond at aftermost extremity of last object towed and if >200m diamond forward
INLAND provided that any vessel or objects being towed alongside each other shall be lighted as one vessel, a diamond shape at or near the aft extremity of last object being towed
may direct search light in direction of two
Lights
Towing emergency
vessel not normally engaged in towing shall not be required to exhibit lights prescribed when towing a vessel in distress
all possible measure shall be taken to light the vessel towed or at least indicate the presence of towed vessel but not required
Lights
INLAND Above Huey P Long Bridge
pusing ahead or towing alonside shall show
sidelights
two towing lights in vertical line
no masthead lights so can go under the bridges
Lights
Sailing
sidelights and sternlight OR
one tricolor on mast OR
red over green sailing machine never seen, with sidelights and sternlight
<7m must have flashlight or lantern
FOG: prolonged short short
dayshape triangle pointing down for power and sail INLAND only vessels >12m
Chart
mercator projection
the charts we use
flattened out
use distance from closest latitude
Chart
Cross Bearing Fix
Per steering compass
convert to true
use ships heading for deviation for all 3 points
Charting
speed above the track line
distance below the track line
course heading above the track line
Lights
Fishing Trawling
Engaged in FISHING whether underway or at anchor
green all around
white all around
masthead abaft of and higher than the all around green
<50m MAY use masthead light
when underway also sidelights sternlight
DAYSHAPE: hourglass
FOG: Prolonged short short
Lights
Fishing Not Trawling (ie long line)
red all around light
white all around light
outlying gear extending more than 150 m horizontally from vessel needs all around white light OR cone apex upwards in the direction of the gear
Making way also sidelights and sternlight
DAY: hourglass
FOG: Prolonged Short Short
Lights
Fishing additional lights
displayed lower than other lights
=>20m trawling, all around lights
shooting nets white over white
hauling nets white over red
net on obstruction red over red
trawlers working together have searchlights pointing at each other
Purse seiners yellow over yellow flashing alternately every second; displayed only when vessel is hampered by its fishing gear
Lights
NUC
two all around red over red
DAY: black ball over black ball
When making way, also sidelights and sternlight
no masthead requirement
Red over Red, Captain is Dead, Balls in the Rigging
FOG: prolonged short short
NUC does not display anchor lights (if you were at anchor, you would NOT be NUC)
Lights Rule 27
RAM except mineclearing
86
all around Red over White over Red
making way, add masthead or mastheads, sidelights and sternlight
DAY: ball over diamond over ball
ANCHOR add anchor light, by day add ball
boats <12m not required to exhibit lights/shapes (g)
TOW: may delcare a RAM by shapes and lights if SEVERELY restricted in ability to deviate from course
INLAND TOW: tow <=200m, tow vessel < 50 m white masthead over white masthead all around red over white over red towlight (stern yellow) over white stern sidelights
87
Lights Rule 27
Dredging or underwater operations
in addition to RAM lights ADD
all around red over red on side of obstructin all around green over green on clear side
ANCHOR: ball-over-ball ball over diamond over ball diamond over diamond
when underway
no anchor lights - one more light would sink her
88
Lights rule 27
Diving
for boats not able to show all lights
three all around lights red over white over red
rigid replica of Code flag A not less than 1 m in height
No anchor light
FOG: prolonged short short
89
Lights Rule 27
Mineclearing
in addition to Power Driven sidelights, stern light and one (<50m) or two masthead lights
three all around green lights, one on mast and one on each sidearm
DAY: three balls like cross
indicate dangerous to approach wihin 1000m
ANCHOR: uses anchor light
90
Lights Rule 28
CBD
MAY exhibit three all around red lights vertically
DAY: cylinder
FOG: prolonged short short
3 red ina line, deep water is mine
must show lights/shapes if vessel wants CBD rights
INTERNATIONAL ONLY
91
Lights Rule 29
Pilot
all around White over Red Captain in BED
when underway sidelights and sternlight
ANCHOR: no addt’l special signals
Pilotage vessel may have a long wait
FOG: prolonged
May sound short short short short
92
Lights Rule 30
Anchored
all around white light in forefront >=50m addt’l all around white light near stern <100m and >=100m MUST illuminate the deck
DAY: ball
<7m not required to display if NOT in or near narrow channel, fairway, anchorage, or where other vessels normally navigate
INLAND <20m when at anchor in special anchorage area designated by secretary shall not be required to exhibit anchor lights or shapes
93
Lights Rule 30
Aground
all around white <50m, MAY illuminate deck
all around white fore and aft >=50m, MUST illuminate deck
ADD all around red over red
3 balls vertically
(NUC will not have an anchor light on)
<12m not required to exhibit lights and shapes
94
Lights Rule 31
Seaplanes or WIG
if impracticable to exhibit lights and shapes shall exhibit as closely as possible
95
Sound Rule 32
Whistle means . . .
Short Blast is . . .
Prolonged blast is . . .
whistle - sound signaling device
if directional, point forward
short blast - about 1 second
prolonged blast - about four to six seconds
96
Sound Rule 33
sound equipment shall be carried . . .
<12m some means of making efficient sound signal
>=12m whistle
>=20m whistle and bell
>=100m whislte bell gong
INLAND:
>=12m whistle and bell
others the same
Sound Rule 34
Maneuvering and Warning
INTERNATIONAL Power Driven, underway, when maneuvering as authorized
short - i am alterning to starboard short short - I am altering to port short short short - I am operating astern propulsion
lights may be used at same time, all around white 1 sec each, 1 sec between, =>10 sec between
INLAND Power driven in sight and meeting or crossing at a distance of within HALD A MILE
short- I intend to leave you on my port short short - I intend to leave you on my starboard short short short - I AM operating astern propulsion
Answer: agreement, same signal or Warning/doubt
Lights may be used at same time all around white OR YELLOW, each flash 1 second
Sound Rule 34
Narrow channel or fairway
INTERNATIONAL
AND
INLAND not just narrow channel or fairway but IN SIGHT
INTERNATIONAL vessel intending to overtake another and requires action of other vessel, this is only instance of advise and concent
answer: OOOOOH K OOOOOH K prolonged short prolonged short
doubt or warning 5 or more short blasts
blind bend 1 prolonged blast
may supplement with lights
INLAND power driven vessel intending to overtake another power driven vessel SHALL indicate her intention and answer shall be same signal
power driven leaving dock prolonged
radiotelephone can be used instead of lights,sound
Sound Rule 35
Restricted Visibility underway
p=prolonged s=short i=interval
Power driven making way p i <=2 min
Power driven underway but stopped p 2 sec p <=2min
Underway NUC, RAM, CBD, Sailing, engaged in Fishing, Towing or pushing p s s <=2 min
Fishing, RAM at anchor - like above p s s <=2min
Towed (or last tow) p s s s <=2 min last vessel must be manned to give signal
pushed ahead or composite like Power driven
Sound rule 35
Restricted Visibility at Anchor
<12m efficient sound signals, interval not more than 2 minutes
12m and <20m bell not required, but shall make efficient sound signals at intervals of not more than 2 minutes
>20m ring bell rapidly for 5 seconds, interval of not more than 1 minute
=>100 m ring bell forward then gong sounded rapidly for 5 seconds aft
in additional vessels may sound one short one prolonged one short for position
Pilot - four short blasts may be given
INLAND special anchorage may be designated where vessels <20m don’t have to sound
Chart
Set
direction of current expressed in T degrees.
Always in the direction it is FLOWING
Chart
Drift
speed of the current expressed in knots (nm/h)
Chart
Current
Combination of Set and Drift
Chart
Leeway
effect of wind on vessel’s course.
Wind direction is expressed FROM the direction it is blowing.
Sound
Rule 36
Who shall not embarrass Whom?
If necessary to attract attention of another vessel, any vessel may make light or sound signals that cannot be mistaken for any signal elsewhere in the rules, or may direct a beam of light
in the direction of danger, in such a way as not to embarrass any vessel.
Make sure it can’t be mistaken for navigation aids.
INTERNATIONAL No high intensity, intermittent or revolving lights, such as strobe lights.
Distress Signals
red star shells fog horn constinuous sounding flames on vessel gun fired at intervals of 1 min orange background black ball and square sos mayday by radio parachute with red flare dye marker code flags Nov Charlie square flag and ball wave arms radio telegraph alarm EPIRB smoke I NLAND high intensity white light flashing at regular intervals from 50 to 70 times per minute
Annex V
33 CFR 88
Blue Light
flashing blue light when engaged in direct law enforement or public safety activities
Annex V
33 CFR 88
red and yellow lights
vessels engaged in government sanctioned public safety activities and commercial vessels performing similar functions, may display
alternately flashing red and yellow light signal.
does not convey special privilege
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
online www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html
identify the key words and use the index
Deviation
deviation only used in compass heading or bearings from boat
determine deviations by lining up 2 things by sight and bearing, and comparing to chart True
Cleat knot
when done right, will be able to UNDO it fast
Nominal Range
maximum distance a light can be seen in CLEAR weather
Geographic range is 10 miles
Luminous Range
Greatest distance a light can be expected to be seen
Table at B 37
Geographic range
greatest distance the curvature of the earth permits an object to be seen
Add distance from Table, add your observation height
Y58
B36
Tides
Stand
Range
Neap Tide
Spring Tide
Ebb and Flood currents, slack
Tide - vertical rise and fall of oceans caused by gravitational pull of moon and sun
Stand - brief period when there is no vertical movement. Occurs at high and low tide
Range - total rise or fall from one low water to the next high water
Neap - less than normal tides – moon in quadrature
Spring - greater than normal – full moon or new moon
Slack - when there is no horizontal movement of water, also called minimum before ebb or flood
Make sure time doesn’t push to the NEXT day
Y62 B 89
Who has to carry White book on board?
the operator of every self-propelled vessel 12 m or more
Public safety events include:
patrolling marine parades, regattas or special celebrations
traffic control
salvage
firefighting
medical assistance
assisting disabled vessels
search and rescue
Annex V
Lights
moored barges
White Annex V 169
2 unobsructed all around white lights - barges projecting into buoyed or restricted channel, if barge reduces navigable width of channel to less than 80 meters, barges moored more than two barges wide or to a maximum wideth of over 25 meteres, not moored parallel to bank or dock
light barges on outboard corners of single barge or group of barges
unless barge in slip or slough used for barges, behind a pierhead or in special anchorage
Lights
Dredge pipelines
White Annex V 173 and B154 diagram 81
one row of yellow flashing 50-70 times per minute, visible all around the horizon, about equally spaced and not more than 10 meters apart
all around Red over Red at each end of pipeline to mark where a boat may cross
Penalties
White 199
civil penalty of not more than $5000 for each violation
commerical vessel may be seized
needs notice and trial
Negligant manner- up to $5000
influence of alcohol or dangerous drug - up to 1000 for first offence, not more than $5000 for subsequent but does commit a Class A misdemeanor, may take the vessel
Master involved in casualty shall render assistance unless puts in danger, exchange name, address and vessel id to injured and other owner - OR fined up to 1000 and jail not more than 2 years. can take the boat
Assistance at sea
Cannot be held liable if person acts as ordinary, prudent, reasonable person
Master or person in charge of a vessel SHALL RENDER assistance to any individual found in danger of being lost, unless may cause serious danger to your boat or persons
Radiotelephone
Bridge to Bridge Act - territorial sea (12 nautical miles adjacent to coast), and internal waters subject to tides
W 208
Vessels >=20m, 100 tons carrying passengers for hire, towing vessel >=26 feet, dredge or floating plant must have a VHF radio
Channel 13
exclusive use by master or person authorized by master
in English
keep the radio working
Radiotelephone
Operating radio
Green 9
Vessel Master assures that anyone operating the radio has training and understand protocol and regulations
Inspected vessels must keep log of radio useage with date, time, radio condiion, repairs, radio checks performed, Mayday, securite, and pan-pan messages sent or received
Must mainain listening watch. For recreational vessel NOT required to monitor channel 16.
Radiotelephone
Act applies to what territories?
G9
Vessel Bridge to Bridge Radiotelephone Act
on navigable US waters, Inland Rule waters, and waters extending to 3 mile territorial limit.
in lieu of sound and light signals can use radio.
pleasure craft in Canadian waters need operators permit
Radiotelephone
Channels
G10 B75
Very High Frequency 156 to 162.5 MHz
Line of sigt of antennas because generally not reflected by ionosphere dependent on weather, solar actvty
ship to ship - 10 to 20 miles ship to shore - 25 to 30 miles
boat calling 9 bridge to bridge 13 International distress, safety and calling 16 Coast Guard 21A, 22A, 23A
normal power output for channel 13 is one watt
Radiotelephone
DSC
Digital Selective Calling
Marine Mobil Service Identificaiton # MMSI (register)
digital distress signals sent very fast (0 and 1), system interprets signal and ids vessel
Channel 70
not 2 way conversations
some hav e GPS attached
Report and Order Act of 1999 requires DSC on radios
Radiotelephone
MF medium frequency
HF high frequency
Single Side Band
longer range radio waves that bounce off ionosphere
SSB is amplitude modulated (not frequency modulated like VHF)
50-150 miles distance
at night with certain circumstances can go 1000 miles
use 2182 kHz for distress and hailing
Radiotelephone
4 ways to send distress call
transmit Mayday by VHF or SSB channel 16
Send DSC for automatic message
EPIRB emergency position indicating radio beacon
SART search and rescue transponder
Radiotelephone
Calling Protocols
Mayday - grave and imminent danger threatens life or property and immediate assistance is required
“Mayday Relay Mayday Relay Mayday Relay”
Seelonce Mayday and Seelonce Feenee
Pan Pan - not life threatening but very urgent
Securit’e (say cure it tay) - safety navigation, weather, RAM
write down information and determine if YOU should respond
GPS
Blue70
Green17
Global Positioning Satelites 24
owned by Military Department of Defense
use 4 satelites for position, 3 atomic clocks on each sat.,
40 yard accuracy or better using long, lat, altitude, time
GPS may not agree with charts
geosynchronis at equator?
Radar
G20
Radio, detection and ranging
can track precipitation but not clouds
Transmitter generates radio waves, modulator sends out in pulses, antenna radiates waves and collects returning echos, receiver detects returned reflections and amplifies
beam width is greater vertially than horizontally
distance to target is more accurate than bearing
Fathometer
G21
depthsounder or fish finder
sonar 25 kHz to 200 kHz. higher frequencies give better definition in shallower waters, lower frequencies reach a greater depth
AIS
Automatic Identification System
Sailing
Points of Sail
Directly in wind NO GO
Close Haul 45
Close Reach 60
Beam Reach 90
Broad Reach 135
Running 180
can’t go faster than the wind
Sailing
What if someone goes overboard?
turn into the wind and stop
Sailing
Rigging
Standing Rigging Shrouds Stays
Running rigging controls the sails
hanks on forestay to raise sail
turnbuckles on steel rods or cables for standing rigging
Towing
Towing Point
G122
towing bitts located closer to pivot point of vessel
allows greater maneuverability when towing
clear deck aft allows tow line (hawser) to sweep the rail
Pollution
Laws
G25
River and Harbor Act of 1899
Oil Pollution Act of 1961 - illegal to clean tanks near shore, deballasting bunker tanks, pumping bilges within 50 miles of shore (or 100 miles in some instances)
Federal Water Pollution Control Act prohibits discharge of oil, damages of spills directed to oil carriers and companys responsible
MARPOL 73/78 from 1978 CFR
Pollution
Control and Fines
G28
oil, sewage and industrial waste
INLAND sewage also includes graywater! (dish water, shower water)
Captains must be familiar with 33 CFR O
AOSS Airborne Oil Surveillance System on Coast Guard planes have range of 25 miles
COIL Coast Guard Oil Identification Lab in Groton CT
Fine $10,000 and/or year in jail for NOT NOTIFYING
max penalty for accidental spill $5,000 and owner responsible for cost of clean up
Captains must maintain logs of discharges O274
Pollution
Spill Steps to take
Must be reported to Coast Guard National Response Center 800 424 8802
Contain the oil
Remove the oil - sucked up by vacuum, scooped by bow mounted skimmer, or absorbed by Sorbents
Dispersing agent generally not allowed due to damage to nature. Federal On-Scene Coordinator OSC can authorize their use.
Pollution
Discharge limits
Placards must be 9 x 4 in of durable material
discharge of plastic or garbage mixed with plastic is prohibited
discharge of garbage within 3 nm of nearest land is prohibited
discharge of dunnage, lining, packing that float is prohibited within 25 nm of land
other unground garbage may be discharged beyond 12 nm of land
other garbage ground to less than one in may be discharged beyond 3 nm of land
violation civil up to $25,000, fine up to $50,000, jail up to 5 years for each violation
Firefighting
Fire Tetrahedron
G33
Fuel - removing starves
Oxygen - removing smothers
Heat - removing cools
Chemical reaction - removing does not allow exothermic reaction to take place
Firefighting
Steps
Prevention - close hatches while fueling, use blow to rid of fumes before ignition, stow cargo so doesn’t shift, ventilate, keep oily rags in sealed containers (teak rags!)
Cut off fuel source
Oxygen - air is 21% O2. Fire needs 16%. Smoldering can occur in 3%. CO2 and Halon remove O2
Heat - friction, sparks, electrical circuits, lightning, chemical reactions. Extinguishing agens like water or foam
Chemical reaction - Halon will stop chem reaction as well as rid of O2 and cool
Firefighting
Classification of fires
A - ash combustible materials that leave ash when burned. Remove heat or fuel
B - bacon grease, boiling liquid combustible liquids like gasoline, oil, grease, alcohol, paint, propane. Smother by cutting off air supply NEVER WITH WATER WHICH SPREADS IT
C - curent, charged circuits faulty wiring, overheated circuits, spark producing motors. Use non-conducting agen to protect firefighters from electrical shocks. NEVER USE WATER
D - dust, dry powder combustible metals like magnesium, aluminum these may burn underwater. Special agents Dry Powders are required
Firefighting
Extinguishing agents
Water - Class A fires only. removes heat. Water fog is one of most effective cooling agents. Low velocity fog (water mist) used for small places or providing cooling umbrella for firefighters
Foam - Class B, May be used on Class A because water based and has cooling effect. Conductive so NOT C. Bounce off / not directly on which can spread fire. Units will freeze if stored below 40 degrees
Carbon Dioxide - smothers or removes O2. Class B and C fires. No residue so harmless to electronics. No O2 so will kill creatures. Portable Ext. handle gets very cold. Use canister in contact with deck to prevent discharge of static electricity. Recharge after 10% is lost.
Dry Cemical - inhibits chemical process of combustion so ABC. leaves residue. BC-sodium or potassium corbonate, ABC-ammonium phospate. Units needs to be rocked back and forth occasionally to prevent settling and caking
Firefighting
Prior to Underway?
sniff bilge
run blower
crew briefing
Firefighting
Fire or Explosion Steps on board
move boat so flames and smoke travel outboard
make radio distress call
locate passengers to safest place on boat with life jackets
fight fire
ALWAYS HAVE CLEAR EXIT
Life Rafts
G44
Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) gives sandards for size, capacity ratings, etc.
preparation prevents panic
APPROVED rafts are self inflating. coastal may not be approved so buyer be ware
hard canister inflatable life raft is a sealed unit stored on deck, hydrostatic release mechanism for automatic launching. (6 lbs sq in or 10 feet of water) 100’ sea painter leads to deck with weak link. Painter is also rip cord to activate CO2 inflation.
launch lowest point of vessel on lee side
Life Rafts
Boarding
wear layers of clothing or immersion suit
don’t get wet, jump
Someone in charge of abandon ship bag
right if turns over
there is a ladder but hard to use from water
stay attached to vessel unless its sinking (sea anchor)
tie things that float together for larger visual target
list of items G48
Weather
weather is caused by . . .
G73
troposphere - 6 miles deep above the poles, 12 miles deep above equator
sun 93 million miles away exerts energy on earth
high pressure allways flows into low
Lows in northern hemisphere rotate counter clockwise
Low pressure cold air is heavy and dropps down Warm air is light and rises creating less pressure
Coriolis effect - deflection due to rotation of earth - spinning earth causes Northerlies to be Northeasterlies
Weather
Circulation
Artic semi perm high - wind northeasterly down to
Artic low 60 degrees -
Horse latitudes high 35-45 degrees - flow up southwest (westerly trades) and down northeast ( east trade winds)
US is generally westerly weather flow
Equatorial doldrums
Weather
Thermals
day
cold water, warm land - sea breeze from water to land
sunset - still air
night
warmer water, cooling land - wind blows from land to water
Weather
standard atmospheric pressure
and changing barometer
29.92 inces of mercury at 60 degree F or 1013 millibars
high pressure - cool, dry fair weather
low pressure - warm, moist rainy weather
rapid change indicates fast change in weather
Mercurial vs aneroid baromter (sylphon cell)
Weather
Fronts
where front intersects the earth
Warm front - red line, suns hanging down, warm overtakes cold
cold front - blue line, pointy icicles. cold overtakes warm
Stationary - suns and icicles
occluded - purple with suns and icicles hanging down. occurs just following a cold front overtaking warm, low pressure area with counterlockwise winds
warm front can be 500 miles long (slow rains)
cold front 50 miles (rapid changes)
Weather
Maps
isobars - same pressure
isotherms - same temperature
wind moves clockwise out of high and counter clockwise into the low
valleys and hills of highs (ridges) and lows (troughs or depressions) on synoptic chart
Northern Hemisphere, back to wind, left arm will point to center of low
circle around low - cyclone circle around a high - anticyclone
anenometer measures wind (apparent, true)
Weather
Humidity
dew point
sling psycrometer
amount of water vapor in air compared to what it COULD contain at a given temperature
warm air holds more humidity than cold air
dew point is temperature at which condensation occurs
sling psychrometer is two termometers, one dry and one wet
Weather
Fog and Clouds
advection fog - coast fog, warm moist air flowing over cold water, doesn’t burn off
radiation fog, ground fog - warm air collects as land cools, burns off as heats up
arctic sea smoke, frost smoke is thick fog in extremely cold air moving over warmer water in arctic region
Cirrus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus - 20,000 ft altocumulus, altostratus - 7,000 to 20,000 ft nimbostratus, stratus, stratocumulus - ground to 7,000 ft cumulonimbus - anvil, rain
stratus - layer, cumulus - puffs, nimbus - rain, alto - high
Weather
Storms
shower - no raing
tornado - 200 mph plus whirlwind
extra-tropical cyclones -
hurricane - tropical cyclone not associated with warm and cold fronts, but huge well defined low. Feed off warm water. 64 kn wind sustains at least
clocking wind - wind on starboard bow
veering or backing wind - wind on starboard quarter
go away from the eye
Towing
Tow Line
towline
bullrope
towrope
synthetic fibers, wires or both usually double braided (Spectra - heavy plaited polypropylene)
Deep sea towing - usually six strand wire, 37 wires to each strand with wire or hemp core. 2 to 2 1/2 inc
Towing
when towing
catenary is downward curve of towline, and serves as shock absorber.
should remain submerged at all times
plus if drags bottom can anchor tug (in irons) and may be OVERRUN by the tow
SLIP THE TOWLINE is ALWAYS done from towboat
synchronize to sea - ie tow and boat on wave crest
Towing
Parts
H bits
Hawser connected to Pendant rig
or bridle which will equalize strain
bridle has flounder or fish plate (forces down into water)
retreiving line
Towing
When underway
keep catenary
TRIM affects stability, towing characteristics and speed through the water
move ballast, cargo, fuel, people around
Reduce YAW by trimming down by the stern or reducing speed, or deploy drogue as last resort
Towing
Emergencies
parting towline very dangerous
may need to cut line
go to shallow water and beach
slip the tow - pay out hawser to bitter end and attach a buoy so can be retreived
can make catenary really deep if vessel crosses between tow and boat
short tow lines may TRIP or GIRD your boat so secure all watertight compartments
Towing
Alongside and others
alongside preferable for control, but must be calm water
keep towboats stern abaft of twos stern to keep props clear
put tow on inboard side of most turns, so boat is on the outside of the turn with tow inside
when backing, the tows bow will turn toward the side the towing vessel is on
if boat is single screw, if right-hand screw tow goes on starboard side
tow line - bow to tow stern bow or backing line - bow to tow bow Stern breast or turning line - stern to tows middle stern
Towing
multiple tows
tandem - two tow boats
nested rig - multiple barges lashed together
Honolulu rig - each tow attached to boat with its own jewelry
Christmas tree rig - barges in a line, connections under water / under tows
Rule 3
Vessel is
Sailing vessel is
Power driven is
Vessel includes every description of watercraft used as transportation on water
Sailing vessel is vessel under sail and NOT using propelling machinery, if fitted
Power driven vessel means propelled by machinery
