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Navigation Rules > Nav Rules > Flashcards

Nav Rules Flashcards

1
Q

COLREGS

A

International Regulations for Prevention of Collisions at Sea

Called 72colregs Adopted 1972. Developed by IMO.

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2
Q

IMO

A

International Maritime Organization

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3
Q

International rules, Rules of Execution means . . .

A

I am doing xxx . . .

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4
Q

Inland rules, Rules of Intent means . . .

A

I Intend to do xxx . . . Advise and consent

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5
Q

How do we determine if Inland or International rules apply

A

Demarcation lines delineate whether inland or international rules comply

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6
Q

Watch words and phrases

A

All.

Never

Any.

Always

May.

According to the rule

Deemed to exist

Shall

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7
Q

Lights for a submarine

A

MAY display intermittent flashing yellow beacon

1 sec for 3 secs, 3 secs off

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8
Q

Rule one

International

A

A rules apply to all vessels

B these rules do not interfere with special rules

C these rules do not interfere with additional station, signal lights or whistle signals especially for fishing fleets or war vessels in a convoy

D separation scheme may be adopted

E special construction vessel must comply as close as possible, like jet skis

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9
Q

Rule one.

Inland

A

A rules apply to inland waters and great lakes and US boats on Canadian waters of grt lakes as long as don’t conflict with Canadian rules

B special rules are inland rules

C addtnl lights may be used as long as won’t be confused with international rules

D traffic separation rules may be adopted

E special construction will comply with rules as closely as possible like jet skis secretary of ?navy shall make determinations

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10
Q

Rule two

A Rule of good seamanship

B General Prudential Rule

A

A. Follow the rules or everyone can be held responsible B. unless there is immediate danger

consequences of neglect to comply with rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen

due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collisions and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a departure from these rules necessary to avoid immediate danger

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11
Q

What is chart symbol for a light

A

Solid dot with grey exclamation mark

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12
Q

What is chart symbol for buoy

A

Open dot with open diamond

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13
Q

What is chart symbol for lighted Buoy

A

Grey o with grey halo and open diamond

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14
Q

NUC means

A

Not under command due to exceptional circumstances Like lost one or more engines, lost rudder . . .

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15
Q

RAM

A

Restricted in ability to maneuver because of its occupation or nature of its work

Laying cable, dredging, surveying, transferring cargo or persons while underway, mineclering, servicing navigation marks, launching or recovering aircraft, engaged in mineclearance operations

Towing only if severly restricted and declared

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16
Q

Underway

A

A vessel not anchored, attached to ground, or aground

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17
Q

Trawling and trolling

A

Trawling involves nets, trawls or fishing apparatus which restrict maneuverability

Have to be ENGAGED in fishing

Trolling is recreational fishing and not restricted

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18
Q

CBD

A

International only

Constrained by draft - power driven vessel because of her draft in relation to depth and width of navigable waters cannot deviate from her course

Inland all constrained so no one gets preferential treatment

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19
Q

Bowline

A

Secure knot even under a load

Easy to undo if NOT under load

Tie two lines together, secure something under load

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20
Q

Sheet bend

A

To join two ropes of unequal size. Thicker is loop - the bight

Not a binding knot

Cannot be tied under load

Needs two loose ends

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21
Q

Square knot

A

Also reef knot

Intended but Not a binding knot so Never use for critical loads

Do use for Sail covers, reeling lines,

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22
Q

Clove hitch

A

It slips and can bind

Hang fenders

Mooring to post if not great strain

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23
Q

Figure 8

A

Line stopper

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24
Q

Chart = sign

A

Joins exactly to another chart

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25
Q

Rule 3

Name types of vessels

A

Non displacement means hover craft

WIG means wing in ground international only

Sailing under sail no power on

Engaged in fishing means nets, lines, trawls, which restrict maneuverability Not trolling

NUC not under command

RAM nature of work restricts ability to maneuver and so is unable to keep out of way of other vessels according to rules

Seaplane should have Captains license

CBD constrained by draft international only

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26
Q

Rule 3.

In sight

A

Can see each other.

Visible

Restricted visibility is by fog, rain, snow, but not night

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27
Q

Western rivers

A

Mississippi and its tributaries

Not Hudson river

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28
Q

Great lakes and inland waters

A

Great Lakes and connecting tributaries - Calumet to Obrien locks, Chicago river to Ashland ave

Inland waters is navigable waters of US shoreward of the navigational demarcation lines dividing the high seas from harbors, rivers, and other inland waters

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29
Q

Rule 5

Look out

A

Every vessel shall maintain at all times a proper look out by sight and hearing as well as by any other means appropriate for conditions and circumstances to make a full appraisal of risk of collision

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30
Q

Rule 6

Safe speed

A

Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so can take proper and effective action to avoid a collision and be able to stop within a distance appropriate to circustances and conditions

Safe speed involves visibility, traffic, maneuverability of vessel, state of water like wind, waves, current, debris in water, at night the confusion of other lights and proximity of navigational hazards, draft in relation to available water

plus with operational radar within limits of radar equipment, range of scale, conditions and how radar interprets, the more exact assessment of visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine range of vessels and other objects.

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31
Q

Rule 7

Risk of collision

A

Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to circumstances to determine if risk of collision exists.

If in doubt risk is deemed to exist

Use radar if available, including long range, radar plotting

Risk is deemed to exist if compass bearing of approaching vessel does not change appreciably

Even so, risk may exist with very large vessels, or when approaching vessels at very close range or a Tow

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32
Q

C B D R

A

Rule 7

Constant Bearing Decreasing Range

shows risk of collision

even with bearing change, large ships, tows or very close may still pose risk

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33
Q

Rule 8

Action to avoid collision

A

Action taken to avoid collision shall be positive, done in ample time and in observance of good seamanship

Means large enough to be apparent, not many small corrections

Alteration of course may be all thats needed and most effective action if done large enough and soon enuf

Passing at safe distance until other vessel is past and clear

shall slaken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing propultion if needed to avoid or assess

Don’t make the other vessel alter his course

obligation to do everything possible to avoid collision in spite of right of way

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34
Q

Rule 9

Narrow channels International

A

Keep to starboard outer limit of channel as is safe and practical

boats 20 meter or less, fishing and sailing vessels cannot impede other vessels which can only safely travel in narrow channel or fairway

CROSSING vessel shall not impede other which MAY sound danger signal 5 short blasts

OVERTAKING requires advise and consent if requires action from vessel being passed

Blind bend with obstruction requires sound signal 1 blast 4 to 6 sec

No anchoring unless necessary

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35
Q

Rule 9

Narrow channel inland

A

same except

POWER DRIVEN Down bound vessel with following current has right of way over up bound vessel, propose manner and place of passing, initiate signals.

Upbound vessel against the current shall hold as necessary to permit safe passing

CROSSING situation the danger signal SHALL be sounded if in doubt five or more short blasts

OVERTAKING power driven vessel overtaking another power driven vessel shall signal intention, overtakEN vessel shall answer

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36
Q

Sound

Doubt or Danger signal

A

Five or more short blasts

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37
Q

mean lower low water

A

charts plot – means lower than normal low tide

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38
Q

Notice to Marines

A

dayly broadcast, weekly and monthly published can get online but expected to be on board

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39
Q

IALA B

A

Inland Association for Light Houses

red right return western hemisphere

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40
Q

IALA A

A

green right return eastern hemisphere

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41
Q

1 degree equals x nautical miles

A

1 degee = 60 nm

60 minutes per degree

we use tenths of minutes

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42
Q

T V D C

A

true compass reading ie charts

variance from chart

deviation from boat - chart ie magnets, metal, electronics

compass magnetic

going down add whiskey for west

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43
Q

psc

A

per steering compass

per magnetic compass

ships heading

steering a course of …

NOT BEARING

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44
Q

D.R.

A

dead reckoning

deduce reckoning

point on chart that you believe you are

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45
Q

speed made good

A

actual overall speed

average

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46
Q

ships log

A

entry every 2 hour or whenever something changes

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47
Q

Rule 10

Traffic separation scheme

A

stay in own lane going with traffic flow

stay out of traffic separation line or separation zone except for fishing and to avoid immediate danger

join at beginning or end, but if joining mid go at slight angle as possible

dont cross but if have to go right angle

vessels should not use inshore traffic zone if can safely use TSS or when going to port, or to avoid danger

less than 20 meters, sailing and vessels fishing may use inshore traffic zone.

no anchoring in TSS or near its terminations

-fishing shall not impede the passage of any vesel. -Less than 20 meter, fishing and sailing cannot impede power driven vessels using lanes -RAM when maintaining safety navigation or laying and servicing submarine cable are exempted

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48
Q

Rule 12

Sailing vessels hierarchy

A

wind on different side - port tack gives way to starboard vesse;

wind on same side - windward vessel gives way to leeward vessel

if vessel on port tack sees a vessel and cannot determine her tack, other vessel has right of way

windward side is deemed to be side opposite where mainsail is carried or largest fore-and-aft sail for square rigger

POW - port, overtaking, windward give way

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49
Q

Rule 13

Overtaking

A

any over taking vessel keeps out of way of overtaken vessel

overtaking is coming from behind within 22.5 degrees abaft of beam. At night can only see white stern light and not sidelights

If in doubt, assume overtaking

overtaken vessel shall not have to change course or speed if overtaking vessel wants to cross, PAST AND CLEAR

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50
Q

rule 14

Head on situation international

A

two power driven vessels meeting shall both alter course to starboard so both pass on port side

if in doubt assume risk exists

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51
Q

Rule 14

Head on Inland

A

same: both alter course to starboard, deemed to exist if in doubt

unless otherwise agreed, by means of radio, semaphore, etc downbound with following current vessels have right of way over upbound against current vessels, and shall initiate maneuvering signals

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52
Q

Rule 15

Crossing

A

stop light rule - Give way boat will see starboard boat’s Port RED light

When two POWER DRIVEN vessels crossing and at risk of collision, starboard vessel has right of way,

port vessel shall avoid crossing in front

INLAND Two Power Driven Vessels crossing river starboard vessel is stand on vessel

HOWEVER vessel crossing a river shall keep out of the way of a power driven vessel ascending or descending the river

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53
Q

Rule 16

Action by give way vessel

A

take early and substantial action to keep out of the way of other vessel

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54
Q

Rule 17

Action of stand on vessel

A

shall maintain course and speed but may take action to avoid collisoin as soon as it becomes apparent that the other vessel is not taking appropriate action

if action by give way vessel alone will not avoid collision, vessel SHALL take action (in extremis)

power driven vessel crossing with power driven vessel should not go to port if there is a vessel on the port side if you can help it

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55
Q

rule 18

Responsibilities between vessels

A

only new reels catch fish so purchase some worms

overtaken

not under command

restricted in ability to maneuver

constrained by draft (international only)

fishing

sailing

power

seaplane (then wig for international only)

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56
Q

Rule 19

Restricted visibility

A

vessels in or near restricted visibility shall proceed at safe speed with due regard to circumstances and conditions.

power vessel shall have engines ready for immediate maneuver

if radar detects risk, vessel shall take action but avoid going to port if other vessel forward of beam other than overtaking and avoid a course towards vessel abeam or abaft of beam

Unless KNOW no risk, any vessel which hears a ship forward of her beam by fog horn or in close quarters shall SLOW DOWN to minimum speed to keep course or even go to neutral (bare steerage)

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57
Q

Rule 20

Light and shapes displayed when

A

rules complied with in all weather

lights displayed sunset to sunrise

or sunrise to sunset in restricted visibility

no other lights displayed should confuse

Day shapes in day

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58
Q

Rule 21

Definitions of lights

masthead

sidelight

sternlight

tow light

all-round light

flashing light

A

masthead white 225 degrees (goes to 22.5 degrees abaft of beam) INLAND masthd<12 meters may be off centerline

sidelight red port, green starboard, 112.5 degrees INLAND <20m may be combined

sternlight white 135 degrees up to 22.5 degrees abaft of beam, 67.5 degrees each side

tow - yellow light like stern light

all-round - 360 degrees white,red,green,yellow

flashing - 120 flashes per minute or more

INLAND- special flashing yellow 50 - 70 flashes per min showing 180 - 225 degrees from front, not from stern. Visibility varies according to what’s being towed

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59
Q

Sound

Prolonged Short Short

A

Fog for

Towing

Sailing

RAM

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60
Q

Sound

Prolonged

A

fog signal for power driven vessel

4 to 6 secs

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61
Q

Sound

prolonged short short short

A

Fog signal

issued from manned towed vessel after

towing vessel sound prolonged short short

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62
Q

Sound Rule 33

Vessels shall carry . . .

A

12 meters or more - whistle

20 meters or more - bell

100 meters or more - gong

may use electronic equipment that makes the sounds, provided that manual sound shall always be possible

smaller vessels not obliged to carry, but must have a way of making efficiet sound signal

INLAND - Only 12 and 100 meter requirements

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63
Q

Sound Rule 34

Maneuvering and Warning Signals INLAND

A

When two power driven vessels are meeting or crossing at a distance within half a mile of each other:

One blast - I intend to leave you on my port side

Two blasts - I intend to leave you on my starboard side

Three blasts - I am operating stern propulsion

upon hearing signals if in agreement shall sound same signal and take steps to effect safe passing

If in doubt, sound 5 short blasts and take appropriate cautionary action until agreement is made

Lights may be used in addition to sound - 1, 2 and 3 flashes of 1 second relating to sounds, white or yellow all around light if fitted, synchronized with whistle

May use light due to windy, choppy conditions that might blow away sound or confuse sound

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64
Q

Sound Rule 34

Maneuvering and Warning Signals - International

A

When vessels are in sight of each other, a power driven vessel shall

one blast - I am altering course to starboard

two blasts - I am altering course to port

three blasts - I am operating astern propulsion

May supplement with light signals - 1, 2 and 3 light flashes of 1 sec each corresponding to sound

all around white light visible at range of 5 miles

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65
Q

Rule 35

Sound Signal in Restricuted Visibility International

A

in or near restricted visibility

power driven - 1 prolonged blast every 2 minutes

power driven underway but stopped - 2 prolonged blasts with 1 second between every 2 minutes

Sailing, NUC, RAM, CBD, engaged in fishing, towing, or pushing - 1 prolonged short short every 2 minutes

Fishing boat at anchor, RAM at anchor while working - also 1 prolonged short short every 2 minutes

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66
Q

Rule 34

Sound Signals continued

International

A

In narrow channel or fairway

A vessel overtaking another shall indicate her intention by

Long Long Short - meaning I intend to overtake you on your starboard side

Long Long Short Short - meaning I intend to overtake you on your port side

Vessel being overtaken shall show agreement by Long Short Long Short

Doubt or Danger used if needed

Blind Bend - Prolonged - given and should be answered if a vessel is there

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67
Q

Lights

Power Driven

A

Masthead light forward

Vessel 50 meters or more 2nd masthead higher and abaft of first

sigelights sternlight

<12m may exhibit all around white light and sidelights

<7meters, <=7 knots may show only all around white light (should show sidelights if possible) INTERNATIONAL

INLAND on Great Lakes may show all around white light in lieu of 2nd masthead and sternlight.

FOG: prolonged

68
Q

Lights

Power Driven Non Displacement

A

Same as Power Drive

add all around flashing yellow light

when operating in displacement mode means like regular power driven vessel

FOG: Prolonged

69
Q

Lights

Power Driven

WIG

A

power driven vessel

and when taking off, landing, and in flight near the surface shall add high intensity all around

RED flashing light

70
Q

Lights

Towing Astern

A

two masthead lights in vertical line, if length of two is 200m or more, show 3 masthead lights in vertical line (measured from stern of two boat to stern of towed vesl)

(if masthead lights are displayed aft, must have addt’l masthead light forward)

sidelights sternlight

Yellow Towing light in a vertical line above the stern

Shape: black diamond when two >200m

FOG: Prolonged short short issued from manned tow

71
Q

Lights

Towing Composite

A

regarded as power driven vessel

72
Q

Lights

Towing Pushing ahead or alongside

A

INTERNATIONAL two masthead lights in a vertical line

sidelights sternlight

INLAND instead of sternlight, two yellow towing lights in vertical line (like sternlight - 135 degree visibility)

Yellow over Yellow, inland towing Fellow

FOG: prolonged short short

73
Q

Lights

Towed vessel

A

sidelights

sternlights

if >200m display black diamond shape

INLAND vessel being pushed ahead shall show sidelights and special flashing light

INLAND vessels in group, show lights on outboard sides

FOG: prolonged short short short

Special = yellow - 50-70 flashes

74
Q

Lights

Dracone etc.

A

inconspicuous partially submerged object

<25m 1 all around light at or near forward and one at or near aft end

Dracones (transport oil) need not display forward light

=>25m two addt’l all around white lights

>100m addt’l all around white lights so distance between lights will not exceed 100 m

diamond at aftermost extremity of last object towed and if >200m diamond forward

INLAND provided that any vessel or objects being towed alongside each other shall be lighted as one vessel, a diamond shape at or near the aft extremity of last object being towed

may direct search light in direction of two

75
Q

Lights

Towing emergency

A

vessel not normally engaged in towing shall not be required to exhibit lights prescribed when towing a vessel in distress

all possible measure shall be taken to light the vessel towed or at least indicate the presence of towed vessel but not required

76
Q

Lights

INLAND Above Huey P Long Bridge

A

pusing ahead or towing alonside shall show

sidelights

two towing lights in vertical line

no masthead lights so can go under the bridges

77
Q

Lights

Sailing

A

sidelights and sternlight OR

one tricolor on mast OR

red over green sailing machine never seen, with sidelights and sternlight

<7m must have flashlight or lantern

FOG: prolonged short short

dayshape triangle pointing down for power and sail INLAND only vessels >12m

78
Q

Chart

mercator projection

A

the charts we use

flattened out

use distance from closest latitude

79
Q

Chart

Cross Bearing Fix

A

Per steering compass

convert to true

use ships heading for deviation for all 3 points

80
Q

Charting

A

speed above the track line

distance below the track line

course heading above the track line

81
Q

Lights

Fishing Trawling

A

Engaged in FISHING whether underway or at anchor

green all around

white all around

masthead abaft of and higher than the all around green

<50m MAY use masthead light

when underway also sidelights sternlight

DAYSHAPE: hourglass

FOG: Prolonged short short

82
Q

Lights

Fishing Not Trawling (ie long line)

A

red all around light

white all around light

outlying gear extending more than 150 m horizontally from vessel needs all around white light OR cone apex upwards in the direction of the gear

Making way also sidelights and sternlight

DAY: hourglass

FOG: Prolonged Short Short

83
Q

Lights

Fishing additional lights

displayed lower than other lights

A

=>20m trawling, all around lights

shooting nets white over white

hauling nets white over red

net on obstruction red over red

trawlers working together have searchlights pointing at each other

Purse seiners yellow over yellow flashing alternately every second; displayed only when vessel is hampered by its fishing gear

84
Q

Lights

NUC

A

two all around red over red

DAY: black ball over black ball

When making way, also sidelights and sternlight

no masthead requirement

Red over Red, Captain is Dead, Balls in the Rigging

FOG: prolonged short short

NUC does not display anchor lights (if you were at anchor, you would NOT be NUC)

85
Q

Lights Rule 27

RAM except mineclearing

86

A

all around Red over White over Red

making way, add masthead or mastheads, sidelights and sternlight

DAY: ball over diamond over ball

ANCHOR add anchor light, by day add ball

boats <12m not required to exhibit lights/shapes (g)

TOW: may delcare a RAM by shapes and lights if SEVERELY restricted in ability to deviate from course

INLAND TOW: tow <=200m, tow vessel < 50 m white masthead over white masthead all around red over white over red towlight (stern yellow) over white stern sidelights

86
Q

87

Lights Rule 27

Dredging or underwater operations

A

in addition to RAM lights ADD

all around red over red on side of obstructin all around green over green on clear side

ANCHOR: ball-over-ball ball over diamond over ball diamond over diamond

when underway

no anchor lights - one more light would sink her

87
Q

88

Lights rule 27

Diving

A

for boats not able to show all lights

three all around lights red over white over red

rigid replica of Code flag A not less than 1 m in height

No anchor light

FOG: prolonged short short

88
Q

89

Lights Rule 27

Mineclearing

A

in addition to Power Driven sidelights, stern light and one (<50m) or two masthead lights

three all around green lights, one on mast and one on each sidearm

DAY: three balls like cross

indicate dangerous to approach wihin 1000m

ANCHOR: uses anchor light

89
Q

90

Lights Rule 28

CBD

A

MAY exhibit three all around red lights vertically

DAY: cylinder

FOG: prolonged short short

3 red ina line, deep water is mine

must show lights/shapes if vessel wants CBD rights

INTERNATIONAL ONLY

90
Q

91

Lights Rule 29

Pilot

A

all around White over Red Captain in BED

when underway sidelights and sternlight

ANCHOR: no addt’l special signals

Pilotage vessel may have a long wait

FOG: prolonged

May sound short short short short

91
Q

92

Lights Rule 30

Anchored

A

all around white light in forefront >=50m addt’l all around white light near stern <100m and >=100m MUST illuminate the deck

DAY: ball

<7m not required to display if NOT in or near narrow channel, fairway, anchorage, or where other vessels normally navigate

INLAND <20m when at anchor in special anchorage area designated by secretary shall not be required to exhibit anchor lights or shapes

92
Q

93

Lights Rule 30

Aground

A

all around white <50m, MAY illuminate deck

all around white fore and aft >=50m, MUST illuminate deck

ADD all around red over red

3 balls vertically

(NUC will not have an anchor light on)

<12m not required to exhibit lights and shapes

93
Q

94

Lights Rule 31

Seaplanes or WIG

A

if impracticable to exhibit lights and shapes shall exhibit as closely as possible

94
Q

95

Sound Rule 32

Whistle means . . .

Short Blast is . . .

Prolonged blast is . . .

A

whistle - sound signaling device

if directional, point forward

short blast - about 1 second

prolonged blast - about four to six seconds

95
Q

96

Sound Rule 33

sound equipment shall be carried . . .

A

<12m some means of making efficient sound signal

>=12m whistle

>=20m whistle and bell

>=100m whislte bell gong

INLAND:

>=12m whistle and bell

others the same

96
Q

Sound Rule 34

Maneuvering and Warning

A

INTERNATIONAL Power Driven, underway, when maneuvering as authorized

short - i am alterning to starboard short short - I am altering to port short short short - I am operating astern propulsion

lights may be used at same time, all around white 1 sec each, 1 sec between, =>10 sec between

INLAND Power driven in sight and meeting or crossing at a distance of within HALD A MILE

short- I intend to leave you on my port short short - I intend to leave you on my starboard short short short - I AM operating astern propulsion

Answer: agreement, same signal or Warning/doubt

Lights may be used at same time all around white OR YELLOW, each flash 1 second

97
Q

Sound Rule 34

Narrow channel or fairway

INTERNATIONAL

AND

INLAND not just narrow channel or fairway but IN SIGHT

A

INTERNATIONAL vessel intending to overtake another and requires action of other vessel, this is only instance of advise and concent

answer: OOOOOH K OOOOOH K prolonged short prolonged short

doubt or warning 5 or more short blasts

blind bend 1 prolonged blast

may supplement with lights

INLAND power driven vessel intending to overtake another power driven vessel SHALL indicate her intention and answer shall be same signal

power driven leaving dock prolonged

radiotelephone can be used instead of lights,sound

98
Q

Sound Rule 35

Restricted Visibility underway

A

p=prolonged s=short i=interval

Power driven making way p i <=2 min

Power driven underway but stopped p 2 sec p <=2min

Underway NUC, RAM, CBD, Sailing, engaged in Fishing, Towing or pushing p s s <=2 min

Fishing, RAM at anchor - like above p s s <=2min

Towed (or last tow) p s s s <=2 min last vessel must be manned to give signal

pushed ahead or composite like Power driven

99
Q

Sound rule 35

Restricted Visibility at Anchor

A

<12m efficient sound signals, interval not more than 2 minutes

12m and <20m bell not required, but shall make efficient sound signals at intervals of not more than 2 minutes

>20m ring bell rapidly for 5 seconds, interval of not more than 1 minute

=>100 m ring bell forward then gong sounded rapidly for 5 seconds aft

in additional vessels may sound one short one prolonged one short for position

Pilot - four short blasts may be given

INLAND special anchorage may be designated where vessels <20m don’t have to sound

100
Q

Chart

Set

A

direction of current expressed in T degrees.

Always in the direction it is FLOWING

101
Q

Chart

Drift

A

speed of the current expressed in knots (nm/h)

102
Q

Chart

Current

A

Combination of Set and Drift

103
Q

Chart

Leeway

A

effect of wind on vessel’s course.

Wind direction is expressed FROM the direction it is blowing.

104
Q

Sound

Rule 36

Who shall not embarrass Whom?

A

If necessary to attract attention of another vessel, any vessel may make light or sound signals that cannot be mistaken for any signal elsewhere in the rules, or may direct a beam of light

in the direction of danger, in such a way as not to embarrass any vessel.

Make sure it can’t be mistaken for navigation aids.

INTERNATIONAL No high intensity, intermittent or revolving lights, such as strobe lights.

105
Q

Distress Signals

A

red star shells fog horn constinuous sounding flames on vessel gun fired at intervals of 1 min orange background black ball and square sos mayday by radio parachute with red flare dye marker code flags Nov Charlie square flag and ball wave arms radio telegraph alarm EPIRB smoke I NLAND high intensity white light flashing at regular intervals from 50 to 70 times per minute

106
Q

Annex V

33 CFR 88

Blue Light

A

flashing blue light when engaged in direct law enforement or public safety activities

107
Q

Annex V

33 CFR 88

red and yellow lights

A

vessels engaged in government sanctioned public safety activities and commercial vessels performing similar functions, may display

alternately flashing red and yellow light signal.

does not convey special privilege

108
Q

CFR

A

Code of Federal Regulations

online www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html

identify the key words and use the index

109
Q

Deviation

A

deviation only used in compass heading or bearings from boat

determine deviations by lining up 2 things by sight and bearing, and comparing to chart True

110
Q

Cleat knot

A

when done right, will be able to UNDO it fast

111
Q

Nominal Range

A

maximum distance a light can be seen in CLEAR weather

Geographic range is 10 miles

112
Q

Luminous Range

A

Greatest distance a light can be expected to be seen

Table at B 37

113
Q

Geographic range

A

greatest distance the curvature of the earth permits an object to be seen

Add distance from Table, add your observation height

Y58

B36

114
Q

Tides

Stand

Range

Neap Tide

Spring Tide

Ebb and Flood currents, slack

A

Tide - vertical rise and fall of oceans caused by gravitational pull of moon and sun

Stand - brief period when there is no vertical movement. Occurs at high and low tide

Range - total rise or fall from one low water to the next high water

Neap - less than normal tides – moon in quadrature

Spring - greater than normal – full moon or new moon

Slack - when there is no horizontal movement of water, also called minimum before ebb or flood

Make sure time doesn’t push to the NEXT day

Y62 B 89

115
Q

Who has to carry White book on board?

A

the operator of every self-propelled vessel 12 m or more

116
Q

Public safety events include:

A

patrolling marine parades, regattas or special celebrations

traffic control

salvage

firefighting

medical assistance

assisting disabled vessels

search and rescue

Annex V

117
Q

Lights

moored barges

White Annex V 169

A

2 unobsructed all around white lights - barges projecting into buoyed or restricted channel, if barge reduces navigable width of channel to less than 80 meters, barges moored more than two barges wide or to a maximum wideth of over 25 meteres, not moored parallel to bank or dock

light barges on outboard corners of single barge or group of barges

unless barge in slip or slough used for barges, behind a pierhead or in special anchorage

118
Q

Lights

Dredge pipelines

White Annex V 173 and B154 diagram 81

A

one row of yellow flashing 50-70 times per minute, visible all around the horizon, about equally spaced and not more than 10 meters apart

all around Red over Red at each end of pipeline to mark where a boat may cross

119
Q

Penalties

White 199

A

civil penalty of not more than $5000 for each violation

commerical vessel may be seized

needs notice and trial

Negligant manner- up to $5000

influence of alcohol or dangerous drug - up to 1000 for first offence, not more than $5000 for subsequent but does commit a Class A misdemeanor, may take the vessel

Master involved in casualty shall render assistance unless puts in danger, exchange name, address and vessel id to injured and other owner - OR fined up to 1000 and jail not more than 2 years. can take the boat

120
Q

Assistance at sea

A

Cannot be held liable if person acts as ordinary, prudent, reasonable person

Master or person in charge of a vessel SHALL RENDER assistance to any individual found in danger of being lost, unless may cause serious danger to your boat or persons

121
Q

Radiotelephone

Bridge to Bridge Act - territorial sea (12 nautical miles adjacent to coast), and internal waters subject to tides

W 208

A

Vessels >=20m, 100 tons carrying passengers for hire, towing vessel >=26 feet, dredge or floating plant must have a VHF radio

Channel 13

exclusive use by master or person authorized by master

in English

keep the radio working

122
Q

Radiotelephone

Operating radio

Green 9

A

Vessel Master assures that anyone operating the radio has training and understand protocol and regulations

Inspected vessels must keep log of radio useage with date, time, radio condiion, repairs, radio checks performed, Mayday, securite, and pan-pan messages sent or received

Must mainain listening watch. For recreational vessel NOT required to monitor channel 16.

123
Q

Radiotelephone

Act applies to what territories?

G9

A

Vessel Bridge to Bridge Radiotelephone Act

on navigable US waters, Inland Rule waters, and waters extending to 3 mile territorial limit.

in lieu of sound and light signals can use radio.

pleasure craft in Canadian waters need operators permit

124
Q

Radiotelephone

Channels

G10 B75

A

Very High Frequency 156 to 162.5 MHz

Line of sigt of antennas because generally not reflected by ionosphere dependent on weather, solar actvty

ship to ship - 10 to 20 miles ship to shore - 25 to 30 miles

boat calling 9 bridge to bridge 13 International distress, safety and calling 16 Coast Guard 21A, 22A, 23A

normal power output for channel 13 is one watt

125
Q

Radiotelephone

DSC

A

Digital Selective Calling

Marine Mobil Service Identificaiton # MMSI (register)

digital distress signals sent very fast (0 and 1), system interprets signal and ids vessel

Channel 70

not 2 way conversations

some hav e GPS attached

Report and Order Act of 1999 requires DSC on radios

126
Q

Radiotelephone

MF medium frequency

HF high frequency

A

Single Side Band

longer range radio waves that bounce off ionosphere

SSB is amplitude modulated (not frequency modulated like VHF)

50-150 miles distance

at night with certain circumstances can go 1000 miles

use 2182 kHz for distress and hailing

127
Q

Radiotelephone

4 ways to send distress call

A

transmit Mayday by VHF or SSB channel 16

Send DSC for automatic message

EPIRB emergency position indicating radio beacon

SART search and rescue transponder

128
Q

Radiotelephone

Calling Protocols

A

Mayday - grave and imminent danger threatens life or property and immediate assistance is required

“Mayday Relay Mayday Relay Mayday Relay”

Seelonce Mayday and Seelonce Feenee

Pan Pan - not life threatening but very urgent

Securit’e (say cure it tay) - safety navigation, weather, RAM

write down information and determine if YOU should respond

129
Q

GPS

Blue70

Green17

A

Global Positioning Satelites 24

owned by Military Department of Defense

use 4 satelites for position, 3 atomic clocks on each sat.,

40 yard accuracy or better using long, lat, altitude, time

GPS may not agree with charts

geosynchronis at equator?

130
Q

Radar

G20

A

Radio, detection and ranging

can track precipitation but not clouds

Transmitter generates radio waves, modulator sends out in pulses, antenna radiates waves and collects returning echos, receiver detects returned reflections and amplifies

beam width is greater vertially than horizontally

distance to target is more accurate than bearing

131
Q

Fathometer

G21

A

depthsounder or fish finder

sonar 25 kHz to 200 kHz. higher frequencies give better definition in shallower waters, lower frequencies reach a greater depth

132
Q

AIS

A

Automatic Identification System

133
Q

Sailing

Points of Sail

A

Directly in wind NO GO

Close Haul 45

Close Reach 60

Beam Reach 90

Broad Reach 135

Running 180

can’t go faster than the wind

134
Q

Sailing

What if someone goes overboard?

A

turn into the wind and stop

135
Q

Sailing

Rigging

A

Standing Rigging Shrouds Stays

Running rigging controls the sails

hanks on forestay to raise sail

turnbuckles on steel rods or cables for standing rigging

136
Q

Towing

Towing Point

G122

A

towing bitts located closer to pivot point of vessel

allows greater maneuverability when towing

clear deck aft allows tow line (hawser) to sweep the rail

137
Q

Pollution

Laws

G25

A

River and Harbor Act of 1899

Oil Pollution Act of 1961 - illegal to clean tanks near shore, deballasting bunker tanks, pumping bilges within 50 miles of shore (or 100 miles in some instances)

Federal Water Pollution Control Act prohibits discharge of oil, damages of spills directed to oil carriers and companys responsible

MARPOL 73/78 from 1978 CFR

138
Q

Pollution

Control and Fines

G28

A

oil, sewage and industrial waste

INLAND sewage also includes graywater! (dish water, shower water)

Captains must be familiar with 33 CFR O

AOSS Airborne Oil Surveillance System on Coast Guard planes have range of 25 miles

COIL Coast Guard Oil Identification Lab in Groton CT

Fine $10,000 and/or year in jail for NOT NOTIFYING

max penalty for accidental spill $5,000 and owner responsible for cost of clean up

Captains must maintain logs of discharges O274

139
Q

Pollution

Spill Steps to take

A

Must be reported to Coast Guard National Response Center 800 424 8802

Contain the oil

Remove the oil - sucked up by vacuum, scooped by bow mounted skimmer, or absorbed by Sorbents

Dispersing agent generally not allowed due to damage to nature. Federal On-Scene Coordinator OSC can authorize their use.

140
Q

Pollution

Discharge limits

A

Placards must be 9 x 4 in of durable material

discharge of plastic or garbage mixed with plastic is prohibited

discharge of garbage within 3 nm of nearest land is prohibited

discharge of dunnage, lining, packing that float is prohibited within 25 nm of land

other unground garbage may be discharged beyond 12 nm of land

other garbage ground to less than one in may be discharged beyond 3 nm of land

violation civil up to $25,000, fine up to $50,000, jail up to 5 years for each violation

141
Q

Firefighting

Fire Tetrahedron

G33

A

Fuel - removing starves

Oxygen - removing smothers

Heat - removing cools

Chemical reaction - removing does not allow exothermic reaction to take place

142
Q

Firefighting

Steps

A

Prevention - close hatches while fueling, use blow to rid of fumes before ignition, stow cargo so doesn’t shift, ventilate, keep oily rags in sealed containers (teak rags!)

Cut off fuel source

Oxygen - air is 21% O2. Fire needs 16%. Smoldering can occur in 3%. CO2 and Halon remove O2

Heat - friction, sparks, electrical circuits, lightning, chemical reactions. Extinguishing agens like water or foam

Chemical reaction - Halon will stop chem reaction as well as rid of O2 and cool

143
Q

Firefighting

Classification of fires

A

A - ash combustible materials that leave ash when burned. Remove heat or fuel

B - bacon grease, boiling liquid combustible liquids like gasoline, oil, grease, alcohol, paint, propane. Smother by cutting off air supply NEVER WITH WATER WHICH SPREADS IT

C - curent, charged circuits faulty wiring, overheated circuits, spark producing motors. Use non-conducting agen to protect firefighters from electrical shocks. NEVER USE WATER

D - dust, dry powder combustible metals like magnesium, aluminum these may burn underwater. Special agents Dry Powders are required

144
Q

Firefighting

Extinguishing agents

A

Water - Class A fires only. removes heat. Water fog is one of most effective cooling agents. Low velocity fog (water mist) used for small places or providing cooling umbrella for firefighters

Foam - Class B, May be used on Class A because water based and has cooling effect. Conductive so NOT C. Bounce off / not directly on which can spread fire. Units will freeze if stored below 40 degrees

Carbon Dioxide - smothers or removes O2. Class B and C fires. No residue so harmless to electronics. No O2 so will kill creatures. Portable Ext. handle gets very cold. Use canister in contact with deck to prevent discharge of static electricity. Recharge after 10% is lost.

Dry Cemical - inhibits chemical process of combustion so ABC. leaves residue. BC-sodium or potassium corbonate, ABC-ammonium phospate. Units needs to be rocked back and forth occasionally to prevent settling and caking

145
Q

Firefighting

Prior to Underway?

A

sniff bilge

run blower

crew briefing

146
Q

Firefighting

Fire or Explosion Steps on board

A

move boat so flames and smoke travel outboard

make radio distress call

locate passengers to safest place on boat with life jackets

fight fire

ALWAYS HAVE CLEAR EXIT

147
Q

Life Rafts

G44

A

Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) gives sandards for size, capacity ratings, etc.

preparation prevents panic

APPROVED rafts are self inflating. coastal may not be approved so buyer be ware

hard canister inflatable life raft is a sealed unit stored on deck, hydrostatic release mechanism for automatic launching. (6 lbs sq in or 10 feet of water) 100’ sea painter leads to deck with weak link. Painter is also rip cord to activate CO2 inflation.

launch lowest point of vessel on lee side

148
Q

Life Rafts

Boarding

A

wear layers of clothing or immersion suit

don’t get wet, jump

Someone in charge of abandon ship bag

right if turns over

there is a ladder but hard to use from water

stay attached to vessel unless its sinking (sea anchor)

tie things that float together for larger visual target

list of items G48

149
Q

Weather

weather is caused by . . .

G73

A

troposphere - 6 miles deep above the poles, 12 miles deep above equator

sun 93 million miles away exerts energy on earth

high pressure allways flows into low

Lows in northern hemisphere rotate counter clockwise

Low pressure cold air is heavy and dropps down Warm air is light and rises creating less pressure

Coriolis effect - deflection due to rotation of earth - spinning earth causes Northerlies to be Northeasterlies

150
Q

Weather

Circulation

A

Artic semi perm high - wind northeasterly down to

Artic low 60 degrees -

Horse latitudes high 35-45 degrees - flow up southwest (westerly trades) and down northeast ( east trade winds)

US is generally westerly weather flow

Equatorial doldrums

151
Q

Weather

Thermals

A

day

cold water, warm land - sea breeze from water to land

sunset - still air

night

warmer water, cooling land - wind blows from land to water

152
Q

Weather

standard atmospheric pressure

and changing barometer

A

29.92 inces of mercury at 60 degree F or 1013 millibars

high pressure - cool, dry fair weather

low pressure - warm, moist rainy weather

rapid change indicates fast change in weather

Mercurial vs aneroid baromter (sylphon cell)

153
Q

Weather

Fronts

A

where front intersects the earth

Warm front - red line, suns hanging down, warm overtakes cold

cold front - blue line, pointy icicles. cold overtakes warm

Stationary - suns and icicles

occluded - purple with suns and icicles hanging down. occurs just following a cold front overtaking warm, low pressure area with counterlockwise winds

warm front can be 500 miles long (slow rains)

cold front 50 miles (rapid changes)

154
Q

Weather

Maps

A

isobars - same pressure

isotherms - same temperature

wind moves clockwise out of high and counter clockwise into the low

valleys and hills of highs (ridges) and lows (troughs or depressions) on synoptic chart

Northern Hemisphere, back to wind, left arm will point to center of low

circle around low - cyclone circle around a high - anticyclone

anenometer measures wind (apparent, true)

155
Q

Weather

Humidity

dew point

sling psycrometer

A

amount of water vapor in air compared to what it COULD contain at a given temperature

warm air holds more humidity than cold air

dew point is temperature at which condensation occurs

sling psychrometer is two termometers, one dry and one wet

156
Q

Weather

Fog and Clouds

A

advection fog - coast fog, warm moist air flowing over cold water, doesn’t burn off

radiation fog, ground fog - warm air collects as land cools, burns off as heats up

arctic sea smoke, frost smoke is thick fog in extremely cold air moving over warmer water in arctic region

Cirrus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus - 20,000 ft altocumulus, altostratus - 7,000 to 20,000 ft nimbostratus, stratus, stratocumulus - ground to 7,000 ft cumulonimbus - anvil, rain

stratus - layer, cumulus - puffs, nimbus - rain, alto - high

157
Q

Weather

Storms

A

shower - no raing

tornado - 200 mph plus whirlwind

extra-tropical cyclones -

hurricane - tropical cyclone not associated with warm and cold fronts, but huge well defined low. Feed off warm water. 64 kn wind sustains at least

clocking wind - wind on starboard bow

veering or backing wind - wind on starboard quarter

go away from the eye

158
Q

Towing

Tow Line

A

towline

bullrope

towrope

synthetic fibers, wires or both usually double braided (Spectra - heavy plaited polypropylene)

Deep sea towing - usually six strand wire, 37 wires to each strand with wire or hemp core. 2 to 2 1/2 inc

159
Q

Towing

when towing

A

catenary is downward curve of towline, and serves as shock absorber.

should remain submerged at all times

plus if drags bottom can anchor tug (in irons) and may be OVERRUN by the tow

SLIP THE TOWLINE is ALWAYS done from towboat

synchronize to sea - ie tow and boat on wave crest

160
Q

Towing

Parts

A

H bits

Hawser connected to Pendant rig

or bridle which will equalize strain

bridle has flounder or fish plate (forces down into water)

retreiving line

161
Q

Towing

When underway

A

keep catenary

TRIM affects stability, towing characteristics and speed through the water

move ballast, cargo, fuel, people around

Reduce YAW by trimming down by the stern or reducing speed, or deploy drogue as last resort

162
Q

Towing

Emergencies

A

parting towline very dangerous

may need to cut line

go to shallow water and beach

slip the tow - pay out hawser to bitter end and attach a buoy so can be retreived

can make catenary really deep if vessel crosses between tow and boat

short tow lines may TRIP or GIRD your boat so secure all watertight compartments

163
Q

Towing

Alongside and others

A

alongside preferable for control, but must be calm water

keep towboats stern abaft of twos stern to keep props clear

put tow on inboard side of most turns, so boat is on the outside of the turn with tow inside

when backing, the tows bow will turn toward the side the towing vessel is on

if boat is single screw, if right-hand screw tow goes on starboard side

tow line - bow to tow stern bow or backing line - bow to tow bow Stern breast or turning line - stern to tows middle stern

164
Q

Towing

multiple tows

A

tandem - two tow boats

nested rig - multiple barges lashed together

Honolulu rig - each tow attached to boat with its own jewelry

Christmas tree rig - barges in a line, connections under water / under tows

165
Q

Rule 3

Vessel is

Sailing vessel is

Power driven is

A

Vessel includes every description of watercraft used as transportation on water

Sailing vessel is vessel under sail and NOT using propelling machinery, if fitted

Power driven vessel means propelled by machinery

Navigation Rules (1 decks)

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