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PY4060 Wellbeing And Health: GI > Nausea And Vomitting > Flashcards

Nausea And Vomitting Flashcards

1
Q

What are some associated symptoms of nausea and vomiting ? (6)

A
  • sweating and cold sweats
  • increased saliva production
  • headaches
  • feeling cold
  • going pale
  • feeling weak
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2
Q

How can a toxic substance cause nausea and vomiting?

A

. Toxic substance stimulates the chemoreceptors trigger zone (CTZ) in brain.
. Vomiting centre in brainstem receives nerve signals from CTZ and other pathways e.g. gut, liver signals
.vomiting centre sends impulses to pharynx, larynx, gut etc to cause nausea and vomiting plus other symptoms.

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3
Q

What area some gastrointestinal causes of nausea and vomiting ?

A

. Food poisoning, acute appendicitis, GORD (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease ), blockage, overindulgence

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4
Q

What metabolic issues can lead to nausea and vomiting ?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis- lack of insulin causing ketone levels to build up

hypercalemia -high calcium levels

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5
Q

Name some neurological causes of nausea and vomiting

A

Head injury, meningitis, migraine , stress

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6
Q

What type of ear disorders can cause nausea and vomiting

A

Conditions like labyrinthitis (inflammations of labyrinth- fluid channels in the ear) or ear infections

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7
Q

What psychiatric condition can cause nausea and vomiting ?

A

Bulimia nervosa

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8
Q

Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy :

  1. When does it begin ?
  2. When does it peak ?
  3. When does it usually resolve ?
A

1.Begins between week 4-7

  1. Peaks at weeks 9-16
  2. Resolves in weeks 16-20 , if it continues beyond this stage there may be an alternative cause
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9
Q

What is hyperemesis gravidarum and how is it treated

A

Hyperemesis gravidarum: extreme, prolonged vomiting and nausea during pregnancy , may experience weight loss and dehydration

Patients often given medication and admitted for IV fluids

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10
Q

What is hCG and how does it relate to nausea and vomiting

A

A hormone which is produced during pregnancy, hormone which is identified on pregnancy test.

Increased hCG levels -> increased nausea/ vomiting

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11
Q

What is the relationship between oestrogen in pregnancy and nausea and vomiting ?

A

Higher oestrogen levels-> increased nausea and vomiting

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12
Q

What is gastric dysfunction caused by during pregnancy?

A

Increased progesterone levels cause smooth muscle relaxation which impairs small bowel motility
(therefore delayed gastric emptying ) this can cause nausea/vomiting

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13
Q

How is motion sickness caused?

A

In near ear sends different signals to your brain from those your eyes are seeing, confusing message causes nausea

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14
Q

Which groups of people are most affected by motion sickness?

A

Women and children

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15
Q

When should we consider referral for patients who have nausea & vomiting? (5)

A

. Symptoms of heart attack e.g. chest pain, abdominal pain, shortness of breath

. Pregnancy

. Bilious vomiting- dark green indicates possible GI obstruction

. Suspected abdominal issue e.g. appendicitis

. Dehydration, especially if its a child

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16
Q

What is recommended to patients that are experiencing nausea and vomiting ?

A

. Stay hydrated - rehydration therpay may be recommended

. OCT antiemetics e.g. pepto-bismol .

17
Q

Antiemetics: When can prochlorperazine be used to treat nausea and vomiting ?

A
  • dopamine antagonist
  • baccal tab ONLY prescribed for n&v when migraine/ headaches are present
  • only given to patients 18 and older.
18
Q

Antiemetics: What type of medication is hyoscine hydrobromide

A

Hyoscine hydrobromide is a travel sickness (motion sickness) medicine that belongs to a group of medicines called anticholinergics or antimuscarinics.

19
Q

What brands are examples of hyoscine hydrobromide seen in first line treatment for n&v?

A

Kwells, Joy-Rides

20
Q

Whats an example of a POM hyoscine hydrobromide ?

A

Scopoderm Patches

21
Q

What can be the side affects of hyoscine?

A

Drowsiness , constipation, dry eyes

22
Q

Antiemetics: what are some examples of sedating antihistamines used in travel sickness? (2)

A

. Cinnarizine - sturgeon

. Promethazine- phenergan

23
Q

Whats an advantage and disadvantage of taking sedating antihistamines over hyoscines?

A

Sedating antihistamines are slightly less effective than hyoscines but they are better tolerated

24
Q

What are some practical measures for n&v?

A
  • fresh air
  • distractions e.g. music
  • regular sips of cold water
  • ginger or peppermint tea
  • ginger foods
  • smaller, more frequent meals
  • avoid strong smells
25
Q

What measures can be taken to avoid motion sickness ?

A
  • sit in front/middle of vehicle
  • not reading/watching film
  • look at fixed point ahead
  • close eyes/sleep
  • focus on your breathing
  • fresh air from window
  • avoid heavy meals/ alcohol
  • break up long journeys to get fresh air
  • antiemetics

PY4060 Wellbeing And Health: GI (6 decks)

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