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Anat 242 > Nauroanatomy > Flashcards

Nauroanatomy Flashcards

Module 1

1
Q

The cerebellum makes up what percentage of the brains total neurons?

A

50%

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2
Q

What is a collection of cell bodies in the CNS?

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

What is a collection of cell bodies in the PMS?

A

Ganglion

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4
Q

Why does white matter look white?

A

The fat in the myelin around the axons

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5
Q

Where is the central sulcus?

A

Between the frontal and parietal lobes

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6
Q

Where is the lateral sulcus?

A

Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal

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7
Q

Where is the transverse fissure?

A

Between the cerebrum and cerebellum

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8
Q

Where is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

A

On medial surface between parietal and occipital lobes

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9
Q

Where does the spinal cord start?

A

Foramen magnum

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10
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

1/2 lumbar vertebra

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11
Q

How long is the spinal cord?

A

~42 cm

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12
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do you have?

A

31

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13
Q

What are the divisions of the spine?

A

8 - cervical
12 - thoracic
5 - lumbar
5 - sacral
1 - coccygeal

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14
Q

Where are the two spinal cord enlargements and what are they for?

A

Cervical and lumbar enlargements, are where the arm and leg nerves leave

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15
Q

What is at the end of the spinal cord?

A

Conus medullaris connects to filum terminale that attaches to the coccyx

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16
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

The nerve roots going down to where they leave the spinal column, runs along side the filum terminale

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17
Q

Why are the spinal cord and spinal column different lengths?

A

After birth the spinal column keeps growing so the spinal cord is too short

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18
Q

Where is the grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

In the center (opposite to brain)

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19
Q

Where is the anterior median fissure?

A

The big groove at the front of the SC where blood vessels sit

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20
Q

Where does information go into the spinal cord?

A

The dorsal root

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21
Q

Where do the cell bodies of sensory axons coming into the SC sit?

A

In the dorsal root ganglion

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22
Q

Where does information leave the SC?

A

The ventral root

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23
Q

What type of neurons are the motor neurons leaving the SC?

A

Multipolar

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24
Q

What type of neurons are the sensory neurons leaving the SC?

A

Unipolar

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25
Q

What are the spinal nerves?

A

The place where the sensory and motor neurons go together out of the spinal column. Are 2-way

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26
Q

What is paresthesia?

A

Loss of sensory information (due to spinal cord damage)

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27
Q

What does damage between C1-4 do?

A

High tetraplegia (can’t move any limbs need ventilator)

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28
Q

What does damage between C5-8 do?

A

Low tetraplegia (can’t move limbs but can breathe by yourself)

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29
Q

What does damage below C8 do?

A

Paraplegia (can’t move legs)

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30
Q

Can SC injuries be incomplete?

A

Yes, some info can still get through

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31
Q

When looking at SC sections are left and right flipped?

A

Yes, look at them from the patients perspective

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32
Q

What does damage to the anterior horn of the SC do?

A

Paralysis/loss of motor function in that part

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33
Q

What does damage to the dorsal horn of the SC do?

A

Paresthesia/loss of sensory info from that part

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34
Q

What are the 3 meninges layes?

A

Pia mater, arachnoid mater and dura mater

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35
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Space between arachnoid and pia mater filled with CSF

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36
Q

What is dura mater made out of?

A

Thick connective tissue

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37
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dura mater?

A

Periosteal layer (attached to skull) and meningeal layer (attached to arachnoid)

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38
Q

What happens with the 2 dura layers?

A

Are usually together but sometimes separate so there’s a gap between them, the gap is a venous sinus

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39
Q

What are venous sinuses?

A

Cavities that drain CSF

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40
Q

Does the dura mater fold into sulci?

A

No

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41
Q

Does the dura mater fold into fissures?

A

Yes

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42
Q

Where is the falx cerebri?

A

Down the longitudinal fissure between the hemispheres

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43
Q

What is the falx cerebri tentorium cerebelli and falx cerebelli made out of?

A

Dura mater

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44
Q

What does the falx cerebri attach to?

A

The crista Galli at the top and the tentorium cerebelli at the bottom

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45
Q

Where is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Between the cerebrum and cerebellum

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46
Q

Where is the falx cerebelli?

A

Between the two cerebellar hemispheres

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47
Q

Where is the subdural layer?

A

Between the dura and arachnoid mater

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48
Q

What is a subdural haemorrhage?

A

The subdural space is enlarged due to bleeding

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49
Q

Does the arachnoid mater go into sulci?

A

No

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50
Q

What colour is the arachnoid mater?

A

Transparent

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51
Q

What connects the arachnoid and pia?

A

Connective tissue strands called arachnoid trabeculae

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52
Q

What is in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF to cushion brain

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53
Q

Which meningeal layer do blood vessels sit on?

A

On the pia mater in the subarachnoid space

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54
Q

What is a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

Blood vessels in the subarachnoid space are damaged and hemorrhage

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55
Q

What causes concusions?

A

Caused by damage to the brain after hitting the skull

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56
Q

What are arachnoid villi?

A

Projections from the arachnoid mater into the venous sinuses to drain CSF

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57
Q

What are aggregations of arachnoid villi called?

A

Arachnoid granulations

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58
Q

What are cisterns?

A

Enlargements of the arachnoid space

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59
Q

What are the 4 main cisterns?

A

Cerebellomedullary/cistern magna, superior cistern, interpeduncular cistern and pontine cistern

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60
Q

Which cistern is the biggest?

A

Cerebellomedullary/cistern magna

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61
Q

Where is the cerebellomedullary cistern?

A

Posterior side of brainstem below the cerebellum

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62
Q

Where is the superior cistern?

A

Posterior side of brainstem between the cerebrum and cerebellum

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63
Q

Where is the interpeduncular cistern?

A

Anterior side of brainstem above the pons

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64
Q

Where is the pontine cistern?

A

Anterior side of the brainstem below the pons

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65
Q

Does pia mater fold into the sulci?

A

Yes!

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66
Q

What is the perivascular space?

A

The space around blood vessels that go into the brain (between the blood vessels and the pericytes)

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67
Q

Which meningeal layer surrounds the blood vessels going into the brain tissue?

A

Pia mater

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68
Q

Which meningeal layer forms the walls of the ventricles?

A

Pia mater

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69
Q

Which meningeal layer is closely associated with choroid plexus?

A

Pia mater

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70
Q

Is there a periosteal dural layer in the spinal cord?

A

No

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71
Q

Is there a meningeal dural layer in the spinal cord?

A

Yes

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72
Q

What is the name of the dural layer in the spinal cord?

A

The dural sheath

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73
Q

Why is there no periosteal layer in the SC?

A

For more motility and flexibility

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74
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

Space between the dural sheath and the bones in the vertebral column

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75
Q

What is in the epidural space?

A

Fat and venous plexus (network of veins)

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76
Q

Where is the epidural space the largest?

A

L2

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77
Q

Is there a subarachnoid space in the SC?

A

Yes

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78
Q

Are there cisterns in the SC?

A

Yes, the lumbar cistern (not at lumbar enlargement, is below SC)

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79
Q

What is the lumbar cistern used for?

A

Do lumbar punctures to test CSF

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80
Q

What are denticulate ligaments?

A

Bits of Pia mater that stabilise the SC laterally within the dural sheath

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81
Q

What is the filum terminale made out of?

A

Pia mater

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82
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of pia and arachnoid mater caused by bacteria or virus

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83
Q

What are the symptoms of meningitis?

A

Fever, headache, vomiting and stiff neck

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84
Q

How do you diagnose meningitis?

A

Test CSF via lumbar puncture to see is bacteria or virus present

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85
Q

What can happen if meningitis isn’t treated?

A

The infection can cross over the pia mater and damage neurons

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86
Q

What are the ventricles in the brain?

A

Lateral ventricles, third ventricle and fourth ventricle

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87
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Spaces in the brain containing CSF

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88
Q

What connects the lateral and third ventricles?

A

The interventricular foramen

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89
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

The cerebral aqueduct

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90
Q

How does CSF leave the fourth ventricle?

A

Via lateral apertures and medial aperture

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91
Q

What are the 3 horns of the lateral ventricles?

A

Anterior (frontal lobe), posterior (occipital lobe) and the inferior horn (temporal lobe)

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92
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

Cells that produce CSF

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93
Q

Where is choroid plexus found?

A

Lower wall of the body of lateral ventricles and wraps around to the roof of the inferior horn. Also some in the roof of the 3rd ventricle

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94
Q

What is another name for the lateral apertures in the 4th ventricle?

A

Foramina of Luschka

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95
Q

What is another name for the median aperture in the 4th ventricle?

A

Foramen of magendie

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96
Q

Where does CSF go after the 4th ventricle?

A

Into the subarachnoid space around the brain and SC

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97
Q

What forms the roof of the 4th ventricle?

A

The superior and inferior medullary velum

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98
Q

Which medullary velum contains choroid plexus?

A

Inferior medullary velum

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99
Q

How much CSF does your brain make each day?

A

500ml

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100
Q

Why is CSF important?

A

Provides chemical stability, buoyancy and protection

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101
Q

Why is buoyancy important in the brain?

A

So the tissue at the top doesn’t crush the rest (without CSF weighs 1.5kg but only 50g in CSF)

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102
Q

How is the BBB formed?

A

Tight junctions between epithelial cells

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103
Q

What is the BBB ineffective against?

A

Fat soluble things

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104
Q

What is hydrocephalis?

A

Water on the brain, too much CSF in ventricular system so get very big ventricles and brain tissue pushed to side and degrades

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105
Q

What can cause hydrocephalus?

A

Increased CSF production or disturbances in CSF circulation

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106
Q

How can hydrocephalus cause enlarged heads in babies?

A

Skulls haven’t properly formed yet

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107
Q

What can blood deprivation do to the brain?

A

Unconsciousness leading to irreversible brain damage

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108
Q

What are the 2 main arteries going to the brain?

A

Internal carotid artery and vertebral artey

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109
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery come from?

A

Common carotid artery splits into internal and external carotid arteries

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110
Q

Where does the vertebral artery come into the brain and what does it form?

A

Comes in through foramen magnum by vertebral column and 2 arteries form the basilar artery

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111
Q

What does the basilar artery split into?

A

2 posterior cerebral arteries

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112
Q

What does the internal carotid artery form?

A

Each artery splits into an anterior and middle cerebral artery

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113
Q

What connects the posterior cerebral arteries and the middle cerebral arteries?

A

Posterior communicating arteries to form circle of Willis

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114
Q

Why is the circle of Willis important?

A

So if one artery is blocked can still get some blood to that area

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115
Q

True/false the circle of Willis is exactly the same in everyone?

A

No it varies between people, one person may have more of a contribution from the vertebral artery and visa versa

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116
Q

What part of the brain does the middle cerebral artery provide for?

A

Most of the lateral/outer surface

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117
Q

What part of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery provide for?

A

The anterior 2/3rds of the medial surface

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118
Q

What part of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery provide for?

A

The posterior 3rd of the brain

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119
Q

What is a cerebral infarction?

A

Blood flow disruption (stroke)

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120
Q

What happens if one anterior cerebral artery is damaged?

A

Muscle weakness or paralysis and sensory loss on one side, greatest in lower limbs

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121
Q

What happens if one posterior cerebral artery is damaged?

A

Contralateral vision effect

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122
Q

What happens if one middle cerebral artery is damaged?

A

Impaired sensation mainly in upper limbs and face, aphasia if in dominant hemisphere

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123
Q

Where does CSF go after the venous sinuses?

A

Through the internal jugular vein to the heart

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124
Q

What are emissary veins?

A

Veins from the face and scalp that also feed into the venous sinuses

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125
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Along the superior part of the falx cerebri

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126
Q

What does the superior sagittal sinus connect to?

A

Right transverse sinus

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127
Q

What parts of the brain does the superior sagittal sinus drain?

A

Superior and deep structures

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128
Q

Which venous sinus has the most arachnoid villi?

A

The superior sagittal sinus

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129
Q

Where is the inferior sagittal sinus?

A

Runs along the inferior part of the falx cerebri

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130
Q

What parts of the brain does the inferior sagittal sinus drain?

A

Deep and superior structures (same as superior sagittal sinus)

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131
Q

What does the inferior sagittal sinus connect to?

A

Straight sinus

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132
Q

Where is the straight sinus?

A

Along the tentorium cerebelli, in the midline

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133
Q

What does the straight sinus connect to?

A

Left transverse sinus

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134
Q

Where is the transverse sinus?

A

Below the tentorium cerebelli, runs in the groove in the skull (there’s two)

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135
Q

What do the transverse sinuses connect to?

A

Right receives from superior sagittal sinus, left receives from straight sinus. Both connect to sigmoid sinuses

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136
Q

What is the confluence?

A

The point where the superior sagittal, straight and transverse sinuses all come together at the midline

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137
Q

Where are the sigmoid sinuses?

A

Continue on from the transverse sinuses, form s-shaped grooves in skull

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138
Q

Where do the sigmoid sinuses connect?

A

From transverse sinuses to internal jugular vein

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139
Q

Where are the cavernous sinuses?

A

At the front, lateral to the pituitary glands

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140
Q

What structures do the cavernous sinuses drain?

A

Inferior structures

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141
Q

What do the cavernous sinuses connect to?

A

Receive from ophthalmic veins and connect to superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

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142
Q

What do the superior petrosal sinuses connect to?

A

Receive from the cavernous sinuses and drain into the transverse sinuses

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143
Q

What do the inferior petrosal sinuses connect to?

A

Receive from the cavernous sinuses and drain to the internal jugular vein

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144
Q

What structures do the ophthalmic veins drain?

A

The eyes

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145
Q

What does the ophthalmic vein drain to?

A

Cavernous sinuses

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146
Q

What can venous sinus infection cause?

A

Meningitis

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147
Q

Why is having an infection on your face/scalp bad?

A

Infection can get into emissary veins and therefore into the sinuses which can cause meningitis. Lower face drained by ophthalmic vein

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148
Q

What gyri make up the frontal lobe?

A

Precentral gyrus (motor cortex), superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri

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149
Q

What sulci make up the frontal lobe?

A

The precentral sulcus, superior and inferior frontal sulci

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150
Q

What makes up the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

The opercular (lips closest to temporal), the triangular (triangle bit in middle) and the orbital (over eyes)

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151
Q

What makes up the Broca’s area?

A

The opercular and triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus

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152
Q

What does the precentral gyrus control?

A

Voluntary movements

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153
Q

What would happen if you damaged the precentral gyrus?

A

Contralateral paralysis

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154
Q

Why does blockage/hemorrhage of the anterior cerebral artery cause contralateral hemiplegia and sensory loss greatest in the lower limbs?

A

Because supplies to medial aspect of front part of the brain, so would damage primary motor and sensory cortices and the lower limbs are located on the medial side

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155
Q

Why does blockage/hemorrhage of the middle cerebral artery cause contralateral hemiplegia and sensory loss greatest in the upper limbs and face?

A

Provides for the lateral aspect of the brain so will damage the primary motor and sensory cortices on the outside which is mapped to the upper limbs and face

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156
Q

Where is the premotor cortex?

A

Anterior to the primary motor cortex

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157
Q

What does the premotor cortex do?

A

Controls learned motor skills

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158
Q

Where is the supplementary motor area?

A

The top of the premotor cortex (where it bends to the medial side)

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159
Q

Where is the cingulate gyrus?

A

Medially along the corpus callosum

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160
Q

What would occur if the cingulate gyrus is damaged?

A

Loss of skilled movement and speech

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161
Q

What sulci are in the parietal lobe?

A

The postcentral and intraparietal sulci

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162
Q

What gyri are in the parietal lobe?

A

The postcentral gyrus, the superior and inferior parietal lobules as well as the supramarginal and angular gyri

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163
Q

Where is the supramarginal gyrus?

A

In the parietal lobe just above the lateral sulcus and just behind the postcentral gyrus

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164
Q

Where is the angular gyrus?

A

Next to the supramarginal gyrus, above the lateral sulcus in the parietal lobe, more posterior than the supramarginal gyrus

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165
Q

Where is the sensory association cortex?

A

The superior parietal lobule

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166
Q

What does the sensory association cortex do?

A

Integrates sensory information so overall understanding of body position and experiences

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167
Q

What would happen if damage the sensory association cortex?

A

Can only identify objects by looking at them, can’t feel them etc

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168
Q

What sulcus divides the occipital lobe?

A

Calcarine sulcus

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169
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

On either side of the calcarine sulcus

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170
Q

Where is the visual association area?

A

On either side of the primary visual cortex

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171
Q

What sulci are in the temporal lobe?

A

The superior and inferior temporal sulci

172
Q

What gyri are in the temporal lobe?

A

Superior, middle and inferior gyri

173
Q

What sulci are on the ventral side of the brain/temporal lobe?

A

The occipitotemporal, collateral and rhinal sulci

174
Q

Where is the occipitotemporal sulcus?

A

Below the inferior temporal gyrus, between it and the rest of the ventral surface

175
Q

Where is the collateral sulcus?

A

Curves and joins up with the occipitotemporal sulcus

176
Q

Where is the rhinal sulcus?

A

Above the collateral sulcus and parallel to the occipitotemporal sulcus

177
Q

Where is the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

On the ventral side of the brain medial to the collateral and rhinal sulci, below the uncus

178
Q

Where is the uncus?

A

Above the parahippocampal gyrus, medial to the rhinal sulcus

179
Q

What is under the uncus (if peel away)?

A

The amygdala and part of the hippocampus

180
Q

What is under the parahippocampal gyrus (if peel away)?

A

The hippocampus

181
Q

What is the fimbria?

A

A white matter tract connecting the hippocampus to the fornix

182
Q

What do the fimbria form?

A

Two fimbria come together to form the fornix

183
Q

Where does the fornix go?

A

Connects to the mamillary bodies

184
Q

What is the septum pallosidum?

A

Membrane separating the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles

185
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

The posterior end of the superior temporal gyrus

186
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

A

Buried in the lateral sulcus on the superior temporal gyrus

187
Q

What occurs when there is damage to Broca’s area?

A

Non-fluent/Broca’s aphasia, know what you’re saying but takes ages to get it out

188
Q

What is the auditory association cortex called?

A

Wernicke’s area

189
Q

What occurs when there is damage to Wernicke’s area?

A

Fluent/Wernicke’s aphasia, can speak perfectly fine but have no idea what you’re saying

190
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Voluntary movements, language, planning, mood and smell

191
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Sensory reception and integration

192
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Hearing, smell, learning and memory and emotional behavior

193
Q

What does the insular lobe do?

A

Possible emotion, homeostasis, cognition, self perception and awareness

194
Q

What are the 3 types of white matter tracts?

A

Projection, commissural and association

195
Q

What are projection tracts?

A

Project from the brain out to the SC e.g. internal capsule

196
Q

What are commissural tracts?

A

Cross from one hemisphere to the other e.g. corpus callosum

197
Q

Which part of the corpus callosum is the rostrum?

A

The tail tucked underneath at the front

198
Q

Which part of the corpus callosum is the genu?

A

The bend between the rostrum and the body

199
Q

Which part of the corpus callosum is the body?

A

The long straightish bit between the genu and the splenium

200
Q

Which part of the corpus callosum is the splenium?

A

The back bit

201
Q

Which parts of the brain do the rostrum and genu of the corpus callosum connect?

A

The frontal lobes

202
Q

Which parts of the brain does the splenium of the corpus callosum connect?

A

The temporal and occipital lobes

203
Q

Which parts of the brain does the body of the corpus callosum connect?

A

The rest of the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe

204
Q

What is split brain treatment?

A

Cut the corpus callosum to stop spreading of seizures

205
Q

What is a bad effect of split brain or being born acallosal?

A

Have trouble identifying things in left hand as info can’t go from right hemisphere to left side with language areas

206
Q

What is another commissural tract other than the corpus callosum?

A

Anterior commissure

207
Q

What does the anterior commissure connect?

A

The middle and inferior temporal gyri

208
Q

What are association tracts?

A

Connect parts of the brain in the same hemisphere

209
Q

What structures make up the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus

210
Q

Which structures make up the striatum?

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

211
Q

Which structures make up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

212
Q

Which structures make up the corpus striatum?

A

The caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

213
Q

How does the amygdala relate to the basal ganglia?

A

Isn’t part of the basal ganglia but the caudate nucleus tail connects to it

214
Q

What are the parts of the caudate nucleus?

A

Head (front), body and tail

215
Q

What are the parts of the internal capsule?

A

Anterior and posterior limbs as well as a genu/bend

216
Q

Where are the external and extreme capsules?

A

On the lateral side of the lentiform nucleus. The external capsule is more medial than the extreme

217
Q

What separates the external and extreme capsules?

A

The claustrum

218
Q

What are the external and extreme capsules?

A

Projection tracts like the internal capsule

219
Q

Which part of the lentiform nucleus is more medial?

A

The globus pallidus

220
Q

Where do the basal ganglia get information from?

A

Motor cortex and substantia nigra

221
Q

Where do the basal ganglia send their information?

A

Back to the motor cortex via the thalamus

222
Q

How do the basal ganglia effect movements?

A

The putamen conically (constantly) sends inhibitory signals to the thalamus so act as a brake

223
Q

How is the basal ganglia ‘brake’ inhibited?

A

The substantia nigra excites the putamen which inhibits the inhibitory neurons in the globus pallidus, so disinhibition

224
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

Dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons die so no disinhibition and hard to start movements. Also hard to stop unnecessary movements

225
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

226
Q

What part of the third ventricle does the thalamus make up?

A

The superolateral walls

227
Q

What makes up the thalamus?

A

Lots of nuclei divided into groups

228
Q

What is the name of the thing connecting the thalami?

A

The interthalamic adhesion

229
Q

What sulcus separates the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamic sulcus

230
Q

What part of the 3rd ventricle does the hypothalamus form?

A

The inferolateral wall

231
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Neuronal control of the pituitary gland

232
Q

What does the pituitary gland control?

A

Lots of homeostatic processes e.g. body temperature regulation, sleep/wake cycle, regulation of food intake etc.

233
Q

What happens to a rat with no hypothalamus?

A

Couldn’t release leptin and became obese

234
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothalamus damage?

A

Tumor in pituitary gland effects hypothalamus

235
Q

What are the first symptoms of a tumor in the pituitary gland?

A

Visual defects as the tumor presses on the optic chiasm

236
Q

What is the epithalamus?

A

Includes (but not limited to) the pineal gland

237
Q

Is the epithalamus paired?

A

Yes, except for the pineal gland

238
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Produces melatonin for sleeping

239
Q

Why is the pineal gland radiopaque?

A

Contains calcium salts/pineal salts

240
Q

Why is it useful that the pineal gland is radiopaque?

A

Is used as a landmark in X-rays

241
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

Attached to the roof of the third ventricle

242
Q

What are the three parts making up the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla

243
Q

What 6 things make up the midbrain?

A

Cerebral peduncles, substantia nigra, red nucleus, cerebral aqueduct, superior cerebellar peduncle and the mamillary bodies

244
Q

Where are the cerebral peduncles?

A

Are on the anterior of the midbrain

245
Q

What do the cerebral peduncles do?

A

Connect the brain to the brainstem (fiber tracts)

246
Q

Where are the colliculi?

A

Posterior side of the midbrain

247
Q

What do the superior colliculi do?

A

Visual reflexes

248
Q

What do the inferior colliculi do?

A

Auditory reflexes e.g. startle reflex

249
Q

What are the 3 cerebellar peduncles?

A

The superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles

250
Q

Where is the substantia nigra?

A

Deep to the cerebral peduncles

251
Q

Why is the substantia nigra dark?

A

Has melanin pigment as is a dopamine precursor

252
Q

What does the substantia nigra do?

A

Produces dopamine for movement pathways, stops break in globus pallidus

253
Q

What are the two parts of the substantia nigra?

A

Pars compacta (SNPc) and Pars reticulata (SNPr)

254
Q

What is the SNPc?

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta, has compacted cell bodies and is more posterior

255
Q

What is the SNPr?

A

Substantia nigra pars reticulata, has less compact cells and is more anterior

256
Q

What does the SNPr connect to?

A

Thalamus, inhibitory to stop unwanted movements (therefore if neurons die get unwanted movements)

257
Q

Where is the red nucleus?

A

Deep to substantia nigra in the midbrain

258
Q

Why is the red nucleus red?

A

Rich blood supply and iron pigment

259
Q

What does the red nucleus do?

A

Is a relay station for some descending motor pathways

260
Q

Where are the mamillary bodies?

A

Behind the optic chiasm and pituitary gland, in the midbrain

261
Q

What do the mamillary bodies do?

A

Relay information from the hypothalamus to the rest of the brain

262
Q

What are two things associated with the pons?

A

4th ventricle and middle cerebellar peduncles

263
Q

What is an example of a pontine nuclei?

A

Pneumotaxic center, controls breathing rhythm

264
Q

What are 4 things making up the medullla?

A

Pyramids, olives, 4th ventricle and inferior cerebellar peduncles

265
Q

Where are the pyramids?

A

Egypt
Anterior side of medulla

266
Q

What are the pyramids?

A

The descending motor tracts (are pyramidal neurons hence pyramids)

267
Q

What is pyramidal decussation?

A

Where the neurons cross sides, so motor control is contralateral

268
Q

Where are the olives?

A

Lateral to the pyramids in medulla

269
Q

What are the olives?

A

Nuclei for ascending sensory information

270
Q

What are the fasciculus cuneatus and gracile?

A

Dorsal columns in the spinal cord

271
Q

What does the fasciculus cuneatus control?

A

Upper limbs

272
Q

Where is the fasciculus cuneatus?

A

Lateral superior dorsal columns

273
Q

What does the fasciculus gracile control?

A

Lower limbs

274
Q

Where is the fasciculus gracile?

A

Medial superior dorsal columns

275
Q

What sulcus separates the fasciculus cuneatus and gracile?

A

Posterior intermediate sulcus

276
Q

Why is there no fasciculus cuneate in the lower SC?

A

Because controls upper limbs so don’t need at the bottom

277
Q

What role does the medulla have in homeostatic processes?

A

Has cardiovascular and respiratory centers that control HR, BP and breathing. Plus has other reflex centers e.g. gagging, vomiting swallowing etc.

278
Q

What is the difference in grey and white matter between the brain and the SC?

A

Brain has grey matter on the outside, SC has grey matter in the inside

279
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

280
Q

How many of the cranial nerves are associated with the brainstem?

A

10

281
Q

How many of the cranial nerves are in the PNS?

A

11, the optic nerve is technically CNS

282
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A

Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal

283
Q

What is the acronym to remember the cranial nerves?

A

Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final Very Good Vacation A-Head

284
Q

What is the acronym to remember whether the cranial nerves are sensory, motor or both?

A

Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most

285
Q

What is the first cranial nerve?

A

Olfactory

286
Q

What bone do the olfactory nerves go through?

A

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

287
Q

Where do the olfactory nerves go after the cribriform plate?

A

Synapse onto the olfactory bulb and forms the olfactory tract and to the olfactory cortex

288
Q

What parts of the brain does olfactory information go to?

A

Olfactory cortex in temporal lobe, hippocampus (memory), amygdala (emotions) and hypothalamus which projects to the reticular formation to produce autonomic responses (salivation)

289
Q

What is the second cranial nerve?

A

Optic

290
Q

Where does the optic nerve get through the skull?

A

The optic foramen

291
Q

What is bitemporal hemianopia?

A

Can’t see periphery due to damage at optic chiasm

292
Q

What does the visual association cortex do?

A

Processes more complex visual information

293
Q

How does the frontal lobe use visual information?

A

To guide movements (plan)

294
Q

What is the third cranial nerve?

A

Oculomotor

295
Q

Where does the oculomotor nerve leave through the skull?

A

Superior orbital fissure

296
Q

Where does the oculomotor nerve leave the brain?

A

From the anterior midbrain (by the cerebral peduncles)

297
Q

What type of axons (motor/sensory) are in the oculomotor nerve?

A

Motor (some proprioception)

298
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve do?

A

Controls eye muscles and autonomic pupil constriction and lens movements

299
Q

Which muscles does the oculomotor nerve control?

A

Inferior oblique, superior, middle and inferior rectus muscles. Also does ciliary muscles and ones that control lens and eyelid

300
Q

What happens when the oculomotor nerve is damaged?

A

Drooping eyelid, dilated pupil, can’t focus or move eyes in certain directions

301
Q

What is the 4th cranial nerve?

A

Trochlear

302
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve leave through the skull?

A

The superior orbital fissure

303
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve leave the brainstem?

A

Posterior side of midbrain (only nerve to come from posterior side)

304
Q

What type of axons (M/S) are in the trochlear nerve?

A

Motor (some proprioception)

305
Q

What muscle does the trochlear nerve control?

A

The superior oblique muscle

306
Q

What movement does the trochlear nerve allow?

A

Downwards and to the side

307
Q

What happens if the trochlear nerve is damaged?

A

Cant move eye down and out (inferolateral) and double vision

308
Q

What is the 5th cranial nerve?

A

Trigeminal

309
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A

V1 - Ophthalmic division
V2 - Maxillary division
V3 - Mandibular division

310
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve leave/come into the brain?

A

From the lateral side of the pons

311
Q

Where does the V1/ophthalmic division go into the skull?

A

Superior orbital fissure

312
Q

What does the ophthalmic division do?

A

Sensory information from the upper face, nasal cavity up

313
Q

Where does V2/maxillary division enter the skull?

A

Foramen rotundum

314
Q

What dos the maxillary division do?

A

Information from middle part of skull (nose and upper teeth)

315
Q

Where does the V3/mandibular division enter/leave the skull?

A

Foramen ovale

316
Q

What does the mandibular division do?

A

Sensory from lower teeth, anterior tongue and chin. Does motor to muscles of mastication (chewing)

317
Q

Where do the cell bodies of the sensory neurons in the trigeminal nerve sit?

A

In the trigeminal ganglion

318
Q

Is the trigeminal nerve motor or sensory?

A

Both, V1 and V2 primarily sensory but V3 is both

319
Q

What happens if the trigeminal nerve is damaged?

A

Sensory loss in the face and impaired chewing

320
Q

What is Tic Douloureux?

A

Inflammation in the trigeminal nerve creating intense pain with stimulation

321
Q

How do you treat Tic Douloureux?

A

Analgesics only partially effective so can cut the trigeminal nerve

322
Q

What is the 6th cranial nerve?

A

Abdeucens

323
Q

Where does the abducens leave the brain?

A

Most medial one at the pons/medulla junction

324
Q

Where does the abducens leave the skull?

A

Superior orbital fissure

325
Q

What does the abducens nerve do?

A

Abduction of the eye

326
Q

What muscle does the abducens act on?

A

Lateral rectus muscle

327
Q

What happens if the abducens nerve is damaged?

A

Lazy eye as can’t move eye laterally

328
Q

is the abducens nerve motor or sensory?

A

Motor

329
Q

What is the 7th cranial nerve?

A

Facial

330
Q

Where does the facial nerve leave the brain?

A

Pons and medulla junction lateral to the abducens

331
Q

Where does the facial nerve leave the skull?

A

Internal auditory meatus

332
Q

How many branches does the facial nerve have?

A

5, like a hand

333
Q

What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve?

A

Temporal, Zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical

334
Q

What does the facial nerve do?

A

Facial expression muscles, and tastebuds from anterior 2/3rds of tongue as well as tears and salivary glands

335
Q

What happens if the facial nerve is damaged?

A

Sagging face and no taste from front of tongue

336
Q

Is the facial nerve sensory or motor?

A

Both

337
Q

What is Bells Palsy?

A

Paralysis of face on one side due to viral infection of facial nerve on one side

338
Q

What is the 8th cranial nerve?

A

Vestibulocochlear

339
Q

Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve enter the skull?

A

Internal auditory meatus

340
Q

Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve enter the brain?

A

Pons medulla junction, most lateral

341
Q

Is the vestibulocochlear nerve sensory or motor?

A

Sensory

342
Q

What does the vestibulocochlear nerve do?

A

Carries auditory and vestibular information

343
Q

What happens if the vestibulocochlear nerve is damaged?

A

Deaf, dizzy and nystagmus (eyes moving involuntarily)

344
Q

What is the 9th cranial nerve?

A

Glossopharyngeal

345
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve leave the brain?

A

The lateral side of the medulla

346
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve leave the skull?

A

The jugular foramen

347
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve do?

A

Control over swallowing, gagging, sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue, salivation, BP and respiration

348
Q

What happens if the glossopharyngeal nerve is damaged?

A

Can’t swallow and no taste from back of tongue

349
Q

What is the 10th cranial nerve?

A

Vagus

350
Q

Where does the vagus nerve leave the brain?

A

Lateral side of medulla below glossopharyngeal and more lateral then hypoglossal

351
Q

Where does the vagus nerve leave the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

352
Q

What does the vagus nerve do?

A

Vague as lots of functions, controls pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs and abdominal viscera plus more

353
Q

What happens if the vagus nerve is damaged?

A

hoarseness/loss of voice, impaired swallowing and digestive motility. Is fatal if both are damaged

354
Q

What is the 11th cranial nerve?

A

Accessory

355
Q

What are the two roots of the accessory nerve?

A

Cranial and spinal root

356
Q

Where does the cranial root of the accessory nerve leave the brain?

A

The lateral medulla below the vagus nerve

357
Q

What does the cranial root of the accessory nerve do?

A

Joins the vagus nerve to supply motor axons in pharynx, larynx etc

358
Q

What happens if the cranial root of the accessory nerve is damaged?

A

Hoarseness/loss of voice

359
Q

Where does the cranial root of the accessory nerve leave the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

360
Q

Where does the spinal root of the accessory nerve come from?

A

From the spinal nerves then travels up through the foramen magnum to join the cranial root

361
Q

What does the spinal root of the accessory nerve do?

A

Provides motor axons to the neck muscles

362
Q

Where does the spinal root of the accessory nerve leave the skull?

A

The jugular foramen with the cranial root

363
Q

What happens if the spinal root of the accessory nerve is damaged?

A

Can’t move neck or shoulders

364
Q

Is the accessory nerve motor or sensory?

A

Motor (some proprioception)

365
Q

What is the 12th cranial nerve?

A

Hypoglossal

366
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve leave the brain?

A

Between the pyramids and olives in the medulla (in front of vagus)

367
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve leave the skull?

A

Hypoglossal canal

368
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve do?

A

Controls the tongue

369
Q

What happens if the hypoglossal nerve is damaged?

A

Trouble with swallowing and speaking

370
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Nuclei in the brainstem that regulate habituation and arousal of the brain

371
Q

What is the main job of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination of movements across several joints, sends blueprint to motor cortex

372
Q

What happens if the cerebellum is damaged?

A

Poor coordination

373
Q

How does the cerebellum get sensory information?

A

The cerebellar peduncles

374
Q

What are the grooves at the top and bottom of the cerebellum in the middle called?

A

Anterior and posterior cerebellar incisures

375
Q

What dural fold lies in the posterior cerebellar incisure?

A

Falx cerebri

376
Q

What is the worm thing running down the cerebellum?

A

The vermis

377
Q

What are folia?

A

The lines running along the cerebellum, are grey matter

378
Q

What does the white matter make in the cerebellum?

A

The arbor vitae

379
Q

What cells do input to the cerebellum?

A

Mossy fibers and climbing fibres

380
Q

What do mossy fibers do?

A

Convey motor and sensory input from the brainstem

381
Q

What do climbing fibers do?

A

Convey proprioceptive information from the inferior olivary nuclei

382
Q

What do the climbing fibers synapse onto?

A

One to one onto purkinje cells and has collateral synapsing onto the deep nuclei

383
Q

What do the mossy fibers synapse onto?

A

Granule cells and has collaterals that synapse onto the deep nuclei

384
Q

What is a parallel fiber?

A

The axon of a granule running parallel to the surface of the cerebellum to go and synapse onto cells

385
Q

What do the granule cells synapse onto?

A

Purkinje cells

386
Q

What do Purkinje cells synapse onto?

A

Deep nuclei

387
Q

Are purkinje cells excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

388
Q

Where does the information go after the deep nuclei of the cerebellum?

A

Sends blueprint to motor cortex

389
Q

Where is the primary fissure?

A

Half way down the cerebellum, runs horizontally

390
Q

What lobes does the primary fissure divide?

A

Anterior and posterior lobes

391
Q

What makes up the flocculonodular lobe?

A

Two flocculi and the nodulus

392
Q

What are on the side of the flocculi?

A

The paraflocculi

393
Q

What is below the flocculonodular lobe?

A

The tonsils

394
Q

What does the flocculonodular lobe do?

A

Balance

395
Q

What can happen if the tonsils are inflamed?

A

Can press on the medulla and cause death

396
Q

What are the 3 sagittal subdivisions of the cerebellum?

A

Median zone (vermis), intermediate zone and lateral zone

397
Q

How is the cerebellum divided sagittally?

A

By which area projects to what deep nuclei

398
Q

What are the deep nuclei in the cerebellum?

A

Fastigial nucleus, interposed nucleus made up of the globose and emboliform nucleus and lastly the dentate nucleus

399
Q

Where does the median zone project to?

A

The fastigial nucleus

400
Q

Where does the intermediate zone project to?

A

The interposed nucleus (globose and emboliform)

401
Q

Where does the lateral zone project to?

A

The dentate nucleus

402
Q

Where does the cerebrocerebellar circuit get input?

A

Motor info from the pontine nuclei and sensory info from the inferior olivary nucleus to lateral zone of cerebellum

403
Q

Where does info in the cerebrocerebellar circuit go after the lateral zone?

A

Goes to dentate nucleus then motor area and motor output is sent out

404
Q

What does the cerebrocerebellar tract do?

A

Controls multijointed limb movements

405
Q

What does the spinocerebellar tract (lateral) do?

A

Controls accuracy of limb movement

406
Q

What is the difference between the cerebrocerebellar and the lateral spinocerebellar tracts?

A

Cerebrocerebellar goes to the lateral zone and then dentate nucleus, the spinocerebellar goes to the intermediate zone and then the interpositus nucleus

407
Q

What does the spinocerebellar tract (medial) do?

A

Controls posture by controlling axial muscles in the trunk

408
Q

What inputs into the medial spinocerebellar tract?

A

Inferior olivary nucleus, no cortical input

409
Q

What tract does the lateral spinocerebellar circuit use?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

410
Q

What tract does the medial spinocerebellar circuit use?

A

Ventral corticospinal tract

411
Q

Where does the vestibulocerebellar circuit go?

A

To floccuonodular lobe via inferior cerebellar peduncles and then to medulla and then body

412
Q

What does the vestibulocerebellar circuit do?

A

Balance

413
Q

Does the vestibulocerebellar circuit involve the cerebrum?

A

No

414
Q

What are ballistic movements?

A

Rapid movements, not enough time to think so based off learned motor programs

415
Q

What happens if the cerebellum is damaged?

A

Ataxia, tremor, nystagmus, headache and vomiting

416
Q

What does the discriminative pathway feel?

A

Concious perception of touch

417
Q

WHere does the discriminitive path go?

A

UP dorsal column paths

418
Q

What does the non-discrimitive path do?

A

Pain, temperature, deep pressure

419
Q

Where does the non-discrimitive path go?

A

Up the spinothalamic pathway

420
Q

Where does the dorsal path go?

A

From peripheruy synapses onn cunneate/gracile nuclei then up to thalamus crossing in meddula then syapses and goes to cortex

421
Q

What os the dorsal path also called?

A

Medial leminiscus

422
Q

Where does the spinothalamic path go?

A

From periphery to SC crosses over then up to thalamus then somatosensory cortex

423
Q

Where does the spinothalamic path go up the dorsal columns?

A

Up the lateral tracts

424
Q

Where does the spinocerebellar tract go (input)?

A

From periphery to dorsay horn and up to crebellum

425
Q

How manu neurons in spinocerebellar tract input?

A

only 2 no 3rd order neuron

426
Q

What side does the spinocerebellar tract go on?

A

Ipsilateral, no decussation so cerebellum controols same sude not contralateral

427
Q
A

Anat 242 (1 decks)

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