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H Chemistry > natures chemistry > Flashcards

natures chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

How are proteins formed?

A

Through a condensation reaction

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2
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

When amino acids join together and water is removed. A peptide link is formed.

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3
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

They are amino acids that the body needs but cannot be made, therefore it’s taken in through the diet

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4
Q

How do you break down proteins

A

Through a hydrolysis reaction

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5
Q

Proteins are….

A

Major structural material found in animal tissues

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6
Q

2 types of proteins

A

Fibrous- long, spiral chains folded into long thin shapes. Strong and insoluble in water

Globular- involved in regulation. Spiral chains and folded into spherical shapes and soluble in water

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7
Q

During cooking …

A

Proteins are denatured

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8
Q

What groups do amino acids have?

A

A carboxyl group (COOH)
An amino acid group (NH2)

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9
Q

what’s another name from glycerol?

A

propane-1,2,3-troil

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10
Q

fatty acids are …

A

saturated. so they are closely packed together therefore the melting and boiling points are higher cause the bonds are closer and stronger LDF’s

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11
Q

oils are …

A

unsaturated. so they have kinked bonds so they aren’t closely packed together therefore they have weaker LDF’s

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12
Q

oxygen to hydrogen ratio

A

oxidation is increase
reduction is decrease

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13
Q

primary alcohol oxidation

A

primary alcohols to aldehyde - done by acidified dichromate solution
aldehyde to carboxylic acid - done by tollens reagent

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14
Q

secondary alcohol oxidation

A

secondary alcohol to ketone - done by acidified dichromate solutions

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15
Q

tertiary alcohol oxidation

A

no oxidation

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16
Q

primary alcohol placement

A

carbonyl functional group joined to carbon

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17
Q

secondary alcohol placement

A

carbonyl functional group joined onto 2 other carbons

18
Q

tertiary alcohol placement

A

carbonyl functional group joined onto 3 other carbons

19
Q

many flavour and aroma molecules are …

A

aldehydes

20
Q

oxidation of foods gives it a …

A

rancid flavour

21
Q

antioxidants prevent…

A

unwanted oxidation from occurring

22
Q

antioxidants are;

A

easily oxidised
they themselves are oxidised instead of the compounds they are protecting
easily identified as the substance being oxidised in a redox reaction

23
Q

What’s the test to find unsaturated compounds

A

Bromine test

24
Q

Formation of an ester

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid -> ester + water

Methanol + ethanoic acid -> methyl ethanoate + water

25
Q

Saturated-

A

Single bonds

26
Q

Unsaturated-

A

Double bonds

27
Q

What happens to saturated bonds with bromine water

A

Saturated do NOT decolourise bromine, stays orange

28
Q

What happens to unsaturated bonds with bromine water

A

Unsaturated bonds decolourise bromine solution quickly

29
Q

Isomers are compounds…

A

With the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

30
Q

Physical properties of compounds can be predicated by considering…(4)

A

-presence of OH or NH bonds
- spatial arrangement of polar covalent bonds
-polarities of solute and solvent
-molecular size of molecules

31
Q

What is the OH group

A

Hydroxyl

32
Q

What is the COOH group

A

Carboxyl

33
Q

What do carboxylic acids name finish with

A

-oic acid

34
Q

What’s the name to describe water that has high levels of dissolved metal ions

A

Hard water

35
Q

What do aldehydes finish with and what is there structure

A

-al
COH

36
Q

What do ketones finish with and what is there structure

A

CO
-one

37
Q

What functional group do aldehydes and ketones have

A

Carbonyl functional group
O
=
-C-

38
Q

Antioxidants are…

A

-substances that are easily oxidised
- they are oxidised instead of the compounds they protect
- can be identified as the substance being oxidised in a redox reaction

39
Q

What does exposure to UV light cause

A

It provides sufficient energy for bonds to be broken
Causes sunburn and accelerates skin aging
Sun-block prevents Uv from reaching the skin

40
Q

What are free radicals

A

They are atoms or molecules with an unpaired electron
UV light breaks the bonds to form free radicals
They are highly reactive due to the unpaired electron

41
Q

Definition of an emulsifier

A

It prevents polar and non-polar substances from separating into layers

H Chemistry (3 decks)

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