Nature, Sources of Drugs, and Dosage Forms

Question 1

hydroalcoholic solutions from vegetable drugs prepared by percolation

Answer 1

fluid extracts

Question 2

why are fluid extracts called “100% tinctures”?

Answer 2

too potent and too bitter for self-administration

Question 3

difference between fluid extracts and tinctures

Answer 3

fluid extracts (1:1) = very concentrated 
tincture (1:8) = more diluted

Question 4

broad spectrum antibiotic that attacks both gram (-) and (+) bacteria

Answer 4

amoxicillin

Question 5

semi synthetic drugs discovered through chemical restructuring of penicillin

Answer 5

cloxacillin and amoxicillin

Question 6

a macrolide antibiotic as an alternative to patients allergic to beta-lactams, but has a lot of GI adverse effects

Answer 6

erythromycin

Question 7

semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin, with enhanced acid stability and improved distribution properties

Answer 7

azithromycin

Question 8

potent analgesic but has high incidence of dependency

Answer 8

morphine

Question 9

lower potency and dependency than morphine

Answer 9

oxycodone

Question 10

analgesic after surery

Answer 10

nalbuphine

Question 11

antagonized the mu pain receptors

Answer 11

naloxone

Question 12

what are the different opioid receptors?

Answer 12

mu, kappa, delta

Question 13

NSAID stands for?

Answer 13

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug

Question 14

very toxic NSAID

Answer 14

salicylic acid

Question 15

irreversible, non-selective COX inhibitor which presents with bleeding in the GIT

Answer 15

aspirin

Question 16

non-selective but preferential COX-2 inhibitor with lesser adverse reactions than aspirin

Answer 16

diclofenac

Question 17

NSAID made to lessen adverse effects to GIT (than aspirin), but presents with more CV effects

Answer 17

celecoxib

Question 18

drug from plants, containing CHONs, in almost all parts of plants and typically ends in “-ine”

Answer 18

alkaloids

Question 19

drug from plants, ether-like combination of sugar with other organic substances, typically ends in “-in”

Answer 19

glycosides

Question 20

from plants, mostly used as excipients

Answer 20

oils

Question 21

from the oxidation of volatile oils, mostly cathartic

Answer 21

resins

Question 22

secretions from plants (CHO that absorb water), used as emulsifying agents

Answer 22

gums

Question 23

from plants, CHO, with astringent action, used for burns, diarrhea, hemorrhoids

Answer 23

tannins

Question 24

derived from living cells, with inhibitory action on microorganisms

Answer 24

antiobiotics

Question 25

resin/oleoresin with benzoic acid or cinnamic acid or both

Answer 25

balsam

Question 26

drug from cow pancreas

Answer 26

insulin

Question 27

drug from fish sperm

Answer 27

protamine

Question 28

what is protamine for?

Answer 28

neutralizes heparin

Question 29

drug from pig intestine

Answer 29

heparin

Question 30

what is heparin for?

Answer 30

anticoagulant

Question 31

drug from ox?

Answer 31

dessicated thyroid

Question 32

use of penicillin

Answer 32

broad spectrum; gram +

Question 33

use of cefalexin

Answer 33

broad spectrum; gram +

Question 34

use of gentamicin

Answer 34

gm -

Question 35

use of chloramphenicol

Answer 35

broad spectrum

Question 36

what are some drugs from animal sources that contain allergens and therefore can cause anaphylaxis?

Answer 36

- epinephrine - thyroid extract - insulin - cortisone

Question 37

iron can be used for?

Answer 37

anemia

Question 38

sodium can be used for?

Answer 38

electrolyte imbalance/ dehydration

Question 39

iodine can be used for?

Answer 39

endemic goiter

Question 40

magnesium can be used for?

Answer 40

purgative; tocolytic

Question 41

what is bicarbonate for

Answer 41

antacid

Question 42

what is aluminum for

Answer 42

antacid

Question 43

HCG is a drug from human source used for what?

Answer 43

tumor marker; infertility

Question 44

what is urokinase for?

Answer 44

endemic goiter (plasminogen activator)

Question 45

what are examples of drug products from recombinant DNA tech?

Answer 45

- hepa B - human insulin - erythropoietin - GM CSF - G CSF - thromboplastin - monoclonal antibodies

Question 46

what is erythropoietin used for?

Answer 46

CKD

Question 47

what are GM CSF and G CSF used for?

Answer 47

leukopenia

Question 48

what is thromboplastin for?

Answer 48

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

Question 49

examples of semi-synthetic drugs

Answer 49

- NSAIDs - beta-lactam antibiotics - opioids

Question 50

what are some advantages of synthetic drugs?

Answer 50

- cheaper - more potent, safer alternatives - large scale production - better quality control

Question 51

give examples of synthetic drugs

Answer 51

- fluoroquinolone - sulfonamides - opioids - designer drugs

Question 52

what are factors that influence dosage form?

Answer 52

- pharmacokinetics - pharmacodynamics - drug compliance - patient convenience

Question 53

what are advantages of granules over powder?

Answer 53

they're bigger, and have coatings that assist in protecting the active ingredient from degradation

Question 54

what are some patient requirements to be prescribed solid drugs?

Answer 54

- conscious - of age - can swallow - no GIT abnormalities

Question 55

what are types of coated tablets and what are they for?

Answer 55

- sugar-coated: taste - film-coated: delay release of active ingredient - enteric-coated: protect from gastric acid

Question 56

what are examples of uncoated tablets?

Answer 56

- sublingual and buccal: bypass first pass metab - effervescent: with acid substances; carbonated, and react readily with water - chewable: easily disintegrate - lozenges/ troches: slow release and local action

Question 57

what are some roles of semi-solids?

Answer 57

- emollient - occlusive - application of active ingredient - lubrications

Question 58

homogenous, translucent, viscous semi-solid to soothe surface, and maintains hydration

Answer 58

ointment

Question 59

viscous opaque emulsion

Answer 59

cream

Question 60

lipophilic cream for emollient, and cleansing

Answer 60

water in oil

Question 61

hydrophilic cream for drug delivery and injections

Answer 61

oil in water

Question 62

hydroalcoholic polymeric matrix; hydrated form of insoluble drug

Answer 62

gel

Question 63

use of gel

Answer 63

lubrication and maintain hydration

Question 64

use of paste

Answer 64

drug delivery

Question 65

things to consider in manufacturing tablets

Answer 65

- stability - shelf life - pharmaceutical factors - patient factors

Question 66

excipient that retains moisture for liquids and solids

Answer 66

dessicants: solids humectants: liquids

Question 67

what are the different bulk agents and what are they for?

Answer 67

- binders: solids - fillers: tablets and capsules - vehicles: liquids, parenterals, semisolids

Question 68

excipient used for moisture-proofing

Answer 68

sorbent

Question 69

excipient used for powder flow

Answer 69

glidants

Question 70

classify: quinine, ephedrine, calchicine, vinblastine

Answer 70

alkaloids

Question 71

classify: coumarin, salicin, digoxin, quercetin

Answer 71

glycosides

Question 72

classify: penicillin, cloxacillin, amoxicillin

Answer 72

natural semi-synthetic

Question 73

classify: salcin, salicylic acid, aspirin, naproxen

Answer 73

NSAIDs

Question 74

classify: nalidixic acid, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, maxifloxacin

Answer 74

fluoroquinolones