Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Nature, Sources of Drugs, and Dosage Forms > Flashcards

Nature, Sources of Drugs, and Dosage Forms Flashcards

1
Q

hydroalcoholic solutions from vegetable drugs prepared by percolation

A

fluid extracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why are fluid extracts called “100% tinctures”?

A

too potent and too bitter for self-administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

difference between fluid extracts and tinctures

A 
fluid extracts (1:1) = very concentrated 
tincture (1:8) = more diluted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

broad spectrum antibiotic that attacks both gram (-) and (+) bacteria

A

amoxicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

semi synthetic drugs discovered through chemical restructuring of penicillin

A

cloxacillin and amoxicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a macrolide antibiotic as an alternative to patients allergic to beta-lactams, but has a lot of GI adverse effects

A

erythromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin, with enhanced acid stability and improved distribution properties

A

azithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

potent analgesic but has high incidence of dependency

A

morphine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lower potency and dependency than morphine

A

oxycodone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

analgesic after surery

A

nalbuphine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

antagonized the mu pain receptors

A

naloxone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the different opioid receptors?

A

mu, kappa, delta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

NSAID stands for?

A

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

very toxic NSAID

A

salicylic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

irreversible, non-selective COX inhibitor which presents with bleeding in the GIT

A

aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

non-selective but preferential COX-2 inhibitor with lesser adverse reactions than aspirin

A

diclofenac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

NSAID made to lessen adverse effects to GIT (than aspirin), but presents with more CV effects

A

celecoxib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

drug from plants, containing CHONs, in almost all parts of plants and typically ends in “-ine”

A

alkaloids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

drug from plants, ether-like combination of sugar with other organic substances, typically ends in “-in”

A

glycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

from plants, mostly used as excipients

A

oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

from the oxidation of volatile oils, mostly cathartic

A

resins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

secretions from plants (CHO that absorb water), used as emulsifying agents

A

gums

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

from plants, CHO, with astringent action, used for burns, diarrhea, hemorrhoids

A

tannins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

derived from living cells, with inhibitory action on microorganisms

A

antiobiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

resin/oleoresin with benzoic acid or cinnamic acid or both

A

balsam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

drug from cow pancreas

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

drug from fish sperm

A

protamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is protamine for?

A

neutralizes heparin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

drug from pig intestine

A

heparin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is heparin for?

A

anticoagulant

31
Q

drug from ox?

A

dessicated thyroid

32
Q

use of penicillin

A

broad spectrum; gram +

33
Q

use of cefalexin

A

broad spectrum; gram +

34
Q

use of gentamicin

A

gm -

35
Q

use of chloramphenicol

A

broad spectrum

36
Q

what are some drugs from animal sources that contain allergens and therefore can cause anaphylaxis?

A
  • epinephrine
  • thyroid extract
  • insulin
  • cortisone
37
Q

iron can be used for?

A

anemia

38
Q

sodium can be used for?

A

electrolyte imbalance/ dehydration

39
Q

iodine can be used for?

A

endemic goiter

40
Q

magnesium can be used for?

A

purgative; tocolytic

41
Q

what is bicarbonate for

A

antacid

42
Q

what is aluminum for

A

antacid

43
Q

HCG is a drug from human source used for what?

A

tumor marker; infertility

44
Q

what is urokinase for?

A

endemic goiter (plasminogen activator)

45
Q

what are examples of drug products from recombinant DNA tech?

A
  • hepa B
  • human insulin
  • erythropoietin
  • GM CSF
  • G CSF
  • thromboplastin
  • monoclonal antibodies
46
Q

what is erythropoietin used for?

A

CKD

47
Q

what are GM CSF and G CSF used for?

A

leukopenia

48
Q

what is thromboplastin for?

A

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

49
Q

examples of semi-synthetic drugs

A
  • NSAIDs
  • beta-lactam antibiotics
  • opioids
50
Q

what are some advantages of synthetic drugs?

A
  • cheaper
  • more potent, safer alternatives
  • large scale production
  • better quality control
51
Q

give examples of synthetic drugs

A
  • fluoroquinolone
  • sulfonamides
  • opioids
  • designer drugs
52
Q

what are factors that influence dosage form?

A
  • pharmacokinetics
  • pharmacodynamics
  • drug compliance
  • patient convenience
53
Q

what are advantages of granules over powder?

A

they’re bigger, and have coatings that assist in protecting the active ingredient from degradation

54
Q

what are some patient requirements to be prescribed solid drugs?

A
  • conscious
  • of age
  • can swallow
  • no GIT abnormalities
55
Q

what are types of coated tablets and what are they for?

A
  • sugar-coated: taste
  • film-coated: delay release of active ingredient
  • enteric-coated: protect from gastric acid
56
Q

what are examples of uncoated tablets?

A
  • sublingual and buccal: bypass first pass metab
  • effervescent: with acid substances; carbonated, and react readily with water
  • chewable: easily disintegrate
  • lozenges/ troches: slow release and local action
57
Q

what are some roles of semi-solids?

A
  • emollient
  • occlusive
  • application of active ingredient
  • lubrications
58
Q

homogenous, translucent, viscous semi-solid to soothe surface, and maintains hydration

A

ointment

59
Q

viscous opaque emulsion

A

cream

60
Q

lipophilic cream for emollient, and cleansing

A

water in oil

61
Q

hydrophilic cream for drug delivery and injections

A

oil in water

62
Q

hydroalcoholic polymeric matrix; hydrated form of insoluble drug

A

gel

63
Q

use of gel

A

lubrication and maintain hydration

64
Q

use of paste

A

drug delivery

65
Q

things to consider in manufacturing tablets

A
  • stability
  • shelf life
  • pharmaceutical factors
  • patient factors
66
Q

excipient that retains moisture for liquids and solids

A

dessicants: solids
humectants: liquids

67
Q

what are the different bulk agents and what are they for?

A
  • binders: solids
  • fillers: tablets and capsules
  • vehicles: liquids, parenterals, semisolids
68
Q

excipient used for moisture-proofing

A

sorbent

69
Q

excipient used for powder flow

A

glidants

70
Q

classify: quinine, ephedrine, calchicine, vinblastine

A

alkaloids

71
Q

classify: coumarin, salicin, digoxin, quercetin

A

glycosides

72
Q

classify: penicillin, cloxacillin, amoxicillin

A

natural semi-synthetic

73
Q

classify: salcin, salicylic acid, aspirin, naproxen

A

NSAIDs

74
Q

classify: nalidixic acid, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, maxifloxacin

A

fluoroquinolones

Pharmacology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions