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Higher Chemistry > Nature's Chemistry > Flashcards

Nature's Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a primary alcohol?

A

Hydroxyl group attached to a carbon at the end of the chain

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2
Q

What is a secondary alcohol?

A

Hydroxyl group attached to a carbon in the chain in middle of chain

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3
Q

What is a tertiary alcohol?

A

Hydroxyl group attached to a carbon with branch attached

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4
Q

What happened when a primary alcohol is oxidised?

A

Turns into an aldehyde

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5
Q

What is an aldehydes functional group?

A

C=O, carbonyl functional group, always on the end

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6
Q

What happens when an aldehyde is oxidised?

A

Turns into a carboxylic acid

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7
Q

What is a hydroxyl functional group?

A

-OH

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8
Q

What is a carboxyl functional group?

A

C=O
\
OH

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9
Q

What happens when a secondary alcohol is oxidised?

A

Turns into a ketone

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10
Q

What is the functional group of a ketone?

A

C=O, carbonyl functional group, in middle of chain

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11
Q

Do tertiary alcohols oxidise?

A

No

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12
Q

What is a diol?

A

Alcohols with two -OH groups

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13
Q

What is a triols?

A

Alcohols which contain three -OH groups

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14
Q

How does the -OH group affect the solubility and miscibility of alcohols in water?

A

The -OH group makes alcohols polar, and soluble in polar solvents such as water
The longer the chain length the less soluble the alcohol is in water

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15
Q

What are the properties of alcohols?

A

Boiling and melting points of alcohols are relatively high compared to similar sized alkanes

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16
Q

What is an ester link?

A

O
||
O-C

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17
Q

What is an ester?

A

The product formed from a condensation (esterification) reaction between an alcohol and carboxylic acid. Contains an ester link.

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18
Q

What else aside from an ester is formed during an esterification reaction?

A

Water

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19
Q

How do you name an ester?

A

Add -yl to the alcohol part of ester
Add -anoate to the carboxylic acid part of ester
example= pentylbutanoate

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20
Q

What can esters be used for?

A

perfumes

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21
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Water splitting

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22
Q

What is the hydrolysis of esters reaction?

A

Ester + water -> Alcohol + Carboxylic acid

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23
Q

What is the reaction for esterification?

A

Alcohol + Carboxylic acid -> ester + water

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24
Q

What is a fat molecule?

A

Fat molecules are insoluble and tend to group together and form a large droplet

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25
Q

Are oils healthier than fats?

A

Oils are thought to be healthier than solid fats, as they are less likely to be deposited inside our arteries

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26
Q

What is glycerol?

A

Propane-123-triol

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27
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

Each -OH group on glycerol can combine chemically with one carboxylic acid molecule, these are called fatty acids. The resulting molecules are fats and oils. They are described as triglycerides.

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28
Q

Difference between oil and fat molecules?

A

double bonds in oil make the molecule less compact, less tightly packed molecules is what makes oils liquid
fat molecules pack together more tightly, making fats solid at room temperature

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29
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

The addition of hydrogen

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30
Q

What happens when an unsaturated oil undergoes a hydrogenation reaction?

A

The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated oil will ‘harden’ the oil, therefore increases its melting point. The hydrogen is added across the double bond.

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31
Q

What does a low iodine number indicate?

A

Not many double bonds in molecule

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32
Q

What does a high iodine number indicate?

A

Lots of double bonds in molecule

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33
Q

What is an esters pH?

A

7

34
Q

What is an ester + waters pH?

A

3-4

35
Q

What is another name for a fat or oil?

A

A glyceride

36
Q

What is a protein?

A

Proteins are condensation polymers, made by amino acids linking together, all proteins contain the elements, C, H, O and N

37
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Essential amino acids are amino acids we must get from our diet as our body does not make them.

38
Q

What does a protein look like?

A 
H       R      O    
        \       |      //
         N - C - C
        /       |       \
      H      H       OH
amino.             acid.
39
Q

What are amide links (also known as peptide bonds)?

A

An amino group of one molecule links to the carboxylic group of another molecule to form an amide link or peptide bond

40
Q

What does a peptide link look like?

A

O H
|| |
- C - N -

41
Q

How are proteins broken down in the body?

A

Proteins are broken down during digestion, digestion involves the hydrolysis of proteins to form amino acids

42
Q

What is a fibrous protein?

A

These have their polypeptide chains interwoven. The polypeptide chains are held together by hydrogen bonding between the N-H and the C=O groups

43
Q

What are properties of fibrous proteins?

A

Toughness, insolubility and resistance to change in pH and temperature.

44
Q

What are examples of fibrous proteins?

A

Found in skin, tissue (collagens), hair, nails (keratins)

45
Q

What are globular proteins?

A

Soluble proteins which operate within cells. The polypeptide chains are coiled together in spherical shapes.

46
Q

What is an example of a globular protein?

A

Enzymes

47
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst which lowers the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed

48
Q

What causes an enzyme to denature?

A

Changes in pH and temperature

49
Q

What are soaps?

A

Soaps are salts of fatty acids

50
Q

How do you make soap?

A

Alkaline hydrolysis

-Soaps are firmed by the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils by sodium or potassium hydroxide by boiling under reflux

51
Q

What is the structure of a soap?

A

Hydrophobic, non polar, oil-soluble, covalent hydrocarbon chain tail and polar, hydrophilic, water soluble, carboxylate head

52
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Water hating

53
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

Water loving

54
Q

What is an example of a soap?

A

3C H. COO-Na+
17 35
Sodium stearate

55
Q

What is the cleansing action of soap?

A

Soap molecule in water
Hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain burrows into the grease
Droplets of grease pulled from material surface and held as suspended droplets

56
Q

How does the tail being non polar and the head being polar affect the cleansing action of soap?

A

The attraction fo the head group to the surrounding water, via polar to polar interactions, is so strong that is causes mechanical lift of the grease molecule away from the material it was on.
The tail is drawn to the grease due to non polar to non polar attraction.

57
Q

What is an emulsion?

A

An emulsion contains small droplets of one liquid dispersed in an another liquid.

58
Q

What is an emulsion in food?

A

Emulsions in food are mixtures of oil and water

59
Q

How are emulsifiers formed?

A

Esterification/condensation reaction from a glycerol molecule

60
Q

How many fatty acids are added to a molecule of glycerol to form a fat or an oil?

A

3

61
Q

How many fatty acids are added to a molecule of glycerol to form an emulsifier?

A

1 or 2

62
Q

What is oxidation of food?

A

Oxidation reactions can occur when food is exposed to oxygen in the air

63
Q

What foods are most like to oxidise?

A

Foods containing fats or oils are at the greatest risk of oxidation

64
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

An antioxidant is a substance that slows down or prevents the oxidation of another chemical

65
Q

What is a free radical?

A

A free radical is a highly reactive species containing an unpaired electron

66
Q

What can oxidation reactions lead to?

A

Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals

67
Q

What can free radicals lead to?

A

Free radicals can damage food by removal of an electron

68
Q

What do antioxidants do to free radicals?

A

Antioxidant molecules “mop up” free radicals to protect the food

69
Q

What is three steps of a free radical reaction?

A

Initiation, propagation, termination

70
Q

How to identify the initiation stage of a free radical reaction?

A

Free radical is in right side of equation

71
Q

How to identify the propagation stage of a free radical reaction?

A

Free radical on both sides of equation

72
Q

How to identify the termination stage of a free radical reaction?

A

Free radical is on left side of equation

73
Q

What is an essential oil?

A

Essential oil are mixtures of organic compounds

74
Q

What is an isoprene unit?

A

Typically has a molecular of C5H8, a repeating unit typically found in terpene

75
Q

What is a terpene?

A

Terpenes are the key compounds in most essential oils. They are unsaturated and built up from units of isoprene

76
Q

What are typical properties of an essential oils?

A

Concentrated, volatile, non-water soluble, aroma compounds from plants

77
Q

What are used of essential oils?

A 
Cosmetics
Dentistry
Cleaning
Perfumes
Insect repellents
Flavour
Adhesives 
Medical
78
Q

What is steam distillation?

A

Steam distillation is one of the methods used to extract essential oils from plants

79
Q

What is the process of steam distillation?

A

Steam passes over the point and extracts the essential oil, the mixture evaporated and passes into the condenser, the essential oil vapour is chilled and collected

80
Q

What is a terpenoid?

A

Terpenes containing oxygen or other functional groups are knowns as ‘terpenoids’

81
Q

What is the systematic name for isoprene?

A

2-methylbut-1,3-diene

Higher Chemistry (1 decks)

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