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Higher Chemistry > Nature’s Chemistry > Flashcards

Nature’s Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

aldehyde

alkanal

A
  • organic compound with carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of the structure
  • oxidises to form a carboxylic acid
  • reduces to form a primary alcohol
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2
Q

ketone

alkanone

A
  • organic compound with a carbonyl functional group (C=O) within the carbon chain / structure
  • cannot be oxidised
  • reduces to form a secondary alcohol
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3
Q

condensation

reaction

A

reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule at the same time releasing a small molecule such as water

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4
Q

hydrogenation

A

the addition of hydrogen to a carbon to carbon multiple bond

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5
Q

hydrolysis

A

the breakdown of a molecule by the chemical action of water

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6
Q

oxidation

A
  • the loss of electrons in any reaction
  • an increase in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio in a molecule
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7
Q

polyunsaturated

A

molecule which has more than one carbon to carbon unsaturated bond

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8
Q

reduction

A
  • the gain of electrons in any reaction
  • the decrease in oxygen to hydrogen ratio in a molecule
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9
Q

unsaturated

A
  • molecule with at least one carbon to carbon double bond
  • test this by using bromine solution
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10
Q

volatile

A

a substance which evapourates very easily to form gas

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11
Q

homologous series

A

a family of compounds which have similar chemical properties and can be represented by a general formula

patterns in physical properties of the members of a series of often seen

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12
Q

alcohols

A
  • contain hydroxyl group (-OH)
  • general formula: CnH2n+1OH
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13
Q

diols

A

alcohols with two hydroxyl groups

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14
Q

triols

A

alcohols with three hydroxyl groups

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15
Q

primary alcohol

oxidation

A

alcohol –remove H–> aldehyde –add O–> carboxylic acid

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16
Q

secondary alcohol

oxidation

A

alcohol –remove H–> ketone

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17
Q

tertiary alcohol

oxidation

A

cannot undergo oxidation as there is no hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom attached to the hydroxyl group to be removed during oxidation

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18
Q

identifying aldehydes and ketones

A
  • mild oxidising agents can be used to distinguish one from the other
  • acidified potassium dichromate (yellow/orange -> green)
  • fehling’s solution (blue -> orange/red)
  • tollen’s solution (clear -> mirror)
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19
Q

carboxylic acid

A
  • contains carboxyl group, -COOH
  • names end in ‘-oic acid’
  • general formula: CnH2n+1COOH
20
Q

ester

A
  • contains ester link, -COO-
  • used for food flavourings and perfumes
21
Q

making ester

reaction

A
  • formed by a condensation reaction between alcohols and carboxylic acids
  • carboxylic acid + alcohol –> ester + water
22
Q

making esters

experiment

A
  • equal volumes of alcohol and carboxylic acid
  • add sulfuric acid (catalyst)
  • wrap weet paper towel round neck of test tube (condenser) and cotton wool plug
  • sit in water bath (bunsen not used as conents are flammable) - leave for 30 mins
  • add base to neutralise unreacted carboxylic acid and sulfuric acid
  • immiscible layer should be present on surface, that is the ester
23
Q

breaking esters

A
  • esters are split through a hydrolysis reaction
  • ester + water –> carboxylic acid + alcohol
24
Q

fats and oils

formation

A
  • natural esters so made by condensation reaction between glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol - alcohol) and long chain fatty acids (carboxylic acids)
  • glycerol + fatty acids <–> ester + water
  • ratio of glycerol to fatty acid is 1:3 respectively
25
Q

fats

saturated fat - structure

A
  • even structure allows close packing of molecules
  • closer means more LDFs
  • more LDFs makes them hard to break apart therefore they have high melting and boiling points hence saturated fats are solid
26
Q

oils

unsaturated fat - structure

A
  • uneven, distorted structure means they are harder to pack together
  • this means less LDFs
  • less LDFs means they are easier to break apart therefore they have low melting and boiling points hence unsaturated oils are liquid
27
Q

oils –> fats

A

hydrogenation reaction turns oils into fats

28
Q

breaking fats and oil

A

hydrolysis breaks down fats and oils into their components (fatty acid and glycerol)

29
Q

soaps

A
  • they are salts made from the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils
  • they consist of a long non-polar hydrophobic tail and an ionic head which is polar and hyrdophilic
30
Q

function of protiens

A
  • major structural materials of animal tissue
  • maintenance and regulation of life processes
31
Q

naming esters

A

acid + alcolhol -> (alcohol)yl (acid)oate
e.g. butanoic acid + methanol -> methyl butanoate

32
Q

emulsifier

purpose

A

to prevent non-polar and polar liquids separating into layers

33
Q

naming soaps

A

soaps are salts therefore name them like a salt from a neutralisation reaction

34
Q

emulsifiers

formation

A
  • made by the partial hydrolysis of fats and oils
  • the hydroxyl groups are hydrophilic whereas the fatty acid chains are hydrphobic allowing them to hold together oil and water emulsions
35
Q

proteins

formation

A

condesation reaction between an amine group and carboxyl group to produce and amide link (peptide bond)

36
Q

bond rule in protein structure

A

bonds form from a hydrogen connected to an oxygen or nitrogen, to another oxygen or nitrogen

37
Q

antioxidants

A
  • molecules that prevent food form spoiling quickly by preventing oxidation taking place
  • antioxidants are reducing agents

e.g. vitamin c (ascorbic acid)

38
Q

essential oils

A

concentrated extract of aroma compunds extracted from plants through steam distillation or solvent extraction

39
Q

isoprene

A

2-methylbuta-1,3-diene

40
Q

terpenes

A
  • unsaturated hydrocarbons formed by joining together isoprene units
  • isoprene joins head to tail to form terpenes which can be cyclic or straight chain
  • once oxidised to form terpanoids they are resposible for flavours and aromas in plants
41
Q

free radicals

A

highly reactive atoms which have one unpaird electron

42
Q

free radical reaction stages

names only

A
  • initiation
  • propagation
  • termination
43
Q

initiation

stage one - free radicals

A

UV light breaks covalent bond to form free radical(s)

44
Q

propagation

stage 2 - free radicals

A

highly reactive radicals can remove atoms from other molecules to re-establish covalent bonds which produces a new free radical

45
Q

termination

stage 3 - free radicals

A

the chain reaction will end when two radicals react together and no new radical is formed

46
Q

free radical scavengers

A

chemicals that react with and destroy free radicals to form a stable molecule which prevents a chain reaction from occuring

e.g. antioxidants

Higher Chemistry (3 decks)

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