Nature + Role of Employment Sectors in Economic Development

Question 1

What are the 4 diff employment sectors?

Answer 1

• primary
• secondary
• tertiary
• quaternary

Question 2

What is the primary sector?

Answer 2

• eco. activity, focused on extracting raw materials directly from Earth
• includes activities such as farming, fishing, mining + forestry

Question 3

What is the secondary sector?

Answer 3

• eco. activity focused on manufacturing goods, from raw materials obtained from primary sector
• involves industries such as construction, factory production + energy generation

Question 4

What is the tertiary sector?

Answer 4

• eco. activity focused on providing services to individuals + businesses
• includes retail, banking, healthcare, education + tourism

Question 5

What is the quaternary sector?

Answer 5

• eco. activity focused on highly specialised, knowledge based services
• includes research + dev, consultancy + advanced scientific fields

Question 6

What is the Clark-Fisher model?

Answer 6

• model showing how a countries employment structure changes over time, as it moves through pre-industrial, industrial + post-industrial stages

Question 7

Describe how employment structures have changed over time.

Answer 7

• during pre-industrial stage, majority of ppl work in primary sector as agri. dominates eco. activity
• as industrialisation expands, + mechanisation inc, this leads to agri. rev. which frees up labour force, causing many ppl to move to U areas for careers, rapidly inc secondary sector
• during post-industrial stage, dev. of robotics + outsource of factories by NICs, causes secondary sector to dec + tertiary sector to inc, as gov. invests tax revenues on health + social dev.s
• also as proportion of highly-skilled workforce inc, quaternary sector begins to rise

Question 8

What are the strengths of the Clark-Fisher model?

Answer 8

• some countries, such as UK, fit model well + are now in final stages of its quaternary sector growth
• relatively simple model to understand how countries develop over time
• provides a comparison for more complex models of eco dev.

Question 9

What are the limitations of the Clark-Fisher model?

Answer 9

• doesn’t consider how globalisation speeds up eco dev instead of mechanisation (e.g. FDI from TNCs catalyse dev. of tech in NICs, + global trade widens access to larger international markets, inc foreign currency)
• some LICs/MICs, such as those reliant on tourism (e.g. Jamaica), don’t undergo ‘industrial stage’ + have a greater tertiary sector than primary + secondary sector
• doesn’t consider beyond post-industrial stage
• doesn’t consider impact of high lvls of debt + tied-aid (e.g. Malaysia) on a country’s dev.

Question 10

What is an e.g. of a country in the pre-industrial stage of the Clark-Fisher model?

Answer 10

• Mali: primary sector remains largest w cotton being the highest earning agri, export
• country hasn’t undergone industrialisation so machinery + fuel must be imported resulting in a trade deficit in Mali

Question 11

What is an e.g. of a country in the industrial stage of the Clark-Fisher model?

Answer 11

• secondary sector dominated China in 1980s
• its huge success in the manufacturing sector led to its dev. into the tertiary sector, which now dominates

Question 12

What is an e.g. of a country in the post-industrial stage of the Clark-Fisher model?

Answer 12

• UK: 1 of largest economies in world w most competitive financial centre
• quaternary sector is inc rapidly + has highest share of global pharmaceutical research + dev.