Nature of Statistics

Question 1

is the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data.

Answer 1

statistics

Question 2

is widely regarded as the “Father of Modern Statistics and Experimental Design”.

Answer 2

Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890-1962)

Question 3

is a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values.

Answer 3

variable

Question 4

are the values (measurement or observations) that the variables can assume.

Answer 4

data

Question 5

Variables whose values are determined by chance are called

Answer 5

random variables

Question 6

A collection of data values forms a ____. Each
value in the data set is called a _____ or _____.

Answer 6

data set, data value or a datum.

Question 7

consists of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data. In this area, the statistician tries to describe a situation.

Answer 7

Descriptive Statistics

Question 8

consists of generalizing from samples to population, performing estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions. This area uses the concept of probability.

Answer 8

Inferential Statistics

Question 9

consists of all subjects (human or otherwise) that are being studied

Answer 9

population

Question 10

is a group subjects selected from a population.

Answer 10

sample

Question 11

is a decision-making process for evaluating claims about population, based on information obtained from samples.

Answer 11

Hypothesis Testing

Question 12

Two classifications of variables:

Answer 12

QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE

Question 13

are variables that can be placed into distinct categories, according to some characteristics or attribute.

Answer 13

Qualitative Variables

Question 14

are numerical and can be ordered or
ranked.

Answer 14

Quantitative Variables

Question 15

Two classifications of Quantitative variables:

Answer 15

DISCRETE &
CONTINUOUS

Question 16

assume values that can be counted

Answer 16

Discrete variables

Question 17

assume an infinite number of values
between any two interval between any two specific values. They are obtained by measuring and often include fractions and decimals where measures are rounded to the nearest given unit.

Answer 17

Continuous variables

Question 18

Four classifications of how variables are categorized, counted or measured (measurement scales):

Answer 18

: (1) Nominal, (2) Ordinal,
(3)Interval, and (4) Ratio.

Question 19

classifies data into mutually exclusive (nonoverlapping) categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data.

Answer 19

Nominal level of measurement

Question 20

classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however, precise differences between the ranks do not exist.

Answer 20

Ordinal level of measurement

Question 21

ranks data, and precise differences between units of measure do exist; however, there is no meaningful zero.

Answer 21

Interval level of measurement

Question 22

possesses all the characteristics of
interval measurement, and there exists a true zero. In addition, true ratios exists when the same variable is measured on two different members of the population.

Answer 22

Ratio level of measurement

Question 23

is the most common method used to collect data.

Answer 23

survey

Question 24

There most common survey methods are

Answer 24

(1) telephone survey,
(2) mailed questionnaire, and (3) personal interview.

Question 25

conducts data collection over a phone
where there is no face-to-face contact happens.

Answer 25

telephone survey,

Question 26

can be used to cover a wider geographic area than telephone survey or personal interview.

Answer 26

mailed questionnaire

Question 27

have the advantage of obtaining in-depth
responses to questions from the person being interviewed

Answer 27

personal interview

Question 28

Four basic methods of Sampling:

Answer 28

(1) Random, (2) Systematic,
(3) Stratified, and (4) Cluster Sampling.

Question 29

are selected by using chance methods or
random numbers.

Answer 29

random samples

Question 30

are obtained by numbering each subject
of the population and then selecting every kth subject.

Answer 30

Systematic samples

Question 31

are obtained by dividing the population into
groups (called strata) according to some characteristic that is important to study, then random sampling is conducted from each
group.

Answer 31

Stratified Samples

Question 32

are obtained by dividing the population intro
groups called clusters by some means such as geographic are or schools in a large school district. Then random selection of these clusters is conducted, and all members of the selected
cluster will be included as subjects

Answer 32

Cluster Samples

Question 33

Some classifications of statistical studies:

Answer 33

(1) Observational, (2)
Experimental, and (3) quasi-experimental study.

Question 34

the researcher merely observes what is
happening or what has happened in the past and tries to draw conclusions based on these observations.

Answer 34

Observational Study

Question 35

the researcher manipulates one of the
variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables

Answer 35

Experimental Study

Question 36

In a true experimental study, the subjects should be assigned to groups randomly. Also, the treatments should be assigned to the groups at random. Sometimes when random assignment is not possible, researchers use intact groups. When these groups are used, the study is said to be a

Answer 36

quasiexperimental study.

Question 37

is the one that is being manipulated
also called explanatory variable

Answer 37

Independent Variable

Question 38

is the resultant variable also called
outcome variable

Answer 38

Dependent Variable

Question 39

In experimental study, there are groups called

Answer 39

Treatment Group and Control Group

Question 40

____ receives a specific treatment or condition
while other group does not and they are called the _____

Answer 40

Treatment group, control
group.