Nature of Society STS

Question 1

it connotes a group of people linked through a sustained inteaction

Answer 1

Society

Question 2

Members typically share a common culture or at least a recognized set of norms, values, and symbolism that defines the society’s members.

Answer 2

Society

Question 2

it represents a geographical aggregate with boundaries, a similar government, and a common culture, where members live together for mutual benefit.

Answer 2

society

Question 3

consists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society.

Answer 3

culture

Question 4

refers to clusters of rules and cultural meanings associated with specific social activities. Common examples are the family, education, religion, work, and health care.

Answer 4

institutions

Question 5

May be ethnic or racial, based on gender, or due to shared beliefs, values, and activities.

Answer 5

cultural bond

Question 6

Characteristics of a society include:

Members living together for mutual benefit

Answer 6

solidarity

Question 7

Characteristics of a society include:

share something that enables them to follow patterns of action for harmonious existence with others.

Answer 7

common cultrue

Question 8

used to communicate with each other

Answer 8

common language

Question 8

It is an economic, social and industrial organization. There are leaders and followers, different economic and social classes.

Answer 8

hierarchical oraganization

Question 9

members live in a definite geographic area

Answer 9

specific territory

Question 10

the largest social unit

Answer 10

large membership

Question 11

the ability to endure, produce and sustain several generations of membership.

Answer 11

ability to sustain membership

Question 12

he defined societies in terms of their technological sophistication and are classified according to industrialization or economy

Answer 12

Gerhard Lenski

Question 13

with rudimentary technology,
rely on their environment for their subsistence,
Economic production was limited to the amount of labor a human being could provide, and there were few specialized occupations.

Answer 13

Pre-industrial societies

Question 14

One of the earliest forms of society;
Characterized by subsistence economies that rarely produce surplus;
Anthropologists estimate that men hunted for food at least 1 million years ago;
People survived by searching and gathering food and by small game of hunting wild animals;
Basic unit of social organization was the household/family and the local clan, to which most of the hunting and gathering were organized
Nomadic

Answer 14

Hunting, fishing, gathering society

Question 15

Believed to have existed 12,000 to 15,000 years ago
Gave way to the first breakthrough in subsistence economy, which was the development of agriculture
During these times, people began to plant and cultivate crops rather than just to harvest whatever nature provided
Semi-nomadic; move to another place when soil nutrients and water are depleted

Answer 15

Horticultural society

Question 16

Depends on herding and domestication of animals for food and clothing
Animals provide milk, fuel, sheared fur and even blood.
Rely partly on horticulture to subsist
Developed almost the same time as the horticultural society
Common where crops cannot be supported
Some specialization (division of labor) existed: those who produce tools and clothing

Answer 16

Pastoral society

Question 17

Advent of industrialization in Europe some 200 years ago brought about the 3rd major revolution in production
The substitution of mechanical, electrical and fossil-fuel energy for human and animal labor caused an explosive growth in productivity, not only of goods but also of knowledge and technology.

Answer 17

Industrial society

Question 17

have been around for at least five thousand years
Economy is almost exclusively based on agricultural production
Primary form of wealth is in agricultural activities
Agricultural production relies primarily upon human and animal labor
Division of labor, many are engaged in the cultivation of the field, other artisans exist to support the process, e.g. blacksmith, who makes and repairs tools, potter who makes the storage containers for the harvest

Answer 17

Agricultural society

Question 18

Depends on special knowledge to bring about continuing progress in technology The spread of computer industries is one of the characteristics of this society
Highly trained specialists work to increase the capabilities of computers

Answer 18

Post-industrial society

Question 19

a new approach to historical and social studies of science, in which scientific facts are seen as products of scientists’ socially conditioned investigations rather than as objective representations of nature
it probes how scientific discovery and its technological applications link up with other social developments, in law, politics, public policy, ethics, and culture

Answer 19

STS

Question 20

2 Streams of Knowledge in STS

Answer 20

1. Research on the nature and practices of Science & Technology
2. Studies on the impacts and control of science and technology

Question 21

Studies in this genre approach S&T as social institutions possessing distinctive structures, commitments, practices, and discourses that vary across cultures and change over time.
This line of work addresses questions like the following:
Is there a scientific method?
What makes scientific facts credible?
How do new disciplines emerge?
How does science relate to religion?

Answer 21

Research on the nature and practices of science and technology (S&T)

Question 22

with particular focus on the risks, benefits and opportunities that S&T may pose to peace, security, community, democracy, environmental sustainability, and human values
Driving this body of research are questions like the following:
How should states set priorities for research funding?
Who should participate, and how, in technological decision-making?
Should life forms be patented?
How should societies measure risks and set safety standards?
How should experts communicate the reasons for their judgments to the public?

Answer 22

Studies on the impacts and control of science and technology

Question 23

define society as the people who interact in such a way as to share a common culture.

Answer 23

sociologists