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Praxis II Biology > Nature of Science: Scientific Inquiry, Methods, Techniques, and History > Flashcards

Nature of Science: Scientific Inquiry, Methods, Techniques, and History Flashcards

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1
Q

Making observations

A

–quantitative: can be measure, such as number, length, mass, volume

–qualitative: cannot be measured, color, shape, texture

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2
Q

Formulating and Testing Hypotheses

A

–a proposed explanation for natural phenomena

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3
Q

Identifying Experimental Variables and Controls

A
  • -experimental variable: can manipulate

- -experimental controls: variables kept constant

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4
Q

Conclusions: proof vs support

A
  • -evidence is not known as scientific proof

- -scientific conclusions and evidence are not accepted as final proven knowledge

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5
Q

Scientific resources & communicating findings

A
  • -findings: maintain accuracy and clarity

- -properly citing, to build new findings

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6
Q

Chemical nature of biology

A
  • -chemistry: study of matter or any physical substance that takes up space or has mass
  • -all living things made of matter, all matter made of atoms
  • -living organisms made of: C, H, N, O, S, & P
  • -biochemistry: study of how these elements combine into biomolecules
  • -biomolecules: carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
  • -actions and rxns of the biomolecules drive photosynthesis, cell resp, and digestion
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7
Q

Calculations in biology

A

–mathematical models: simulate natural phenomena and predict their future

–statistics: summarize and draw conclusions about data in biological experiments

–mathematical biology: inspired by complex biological processes

–theoretical biology: uses data from complex models to develop theoretical assessment of biological processes

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8
Q

Physical Laws and Principles Governing Biological Systems

A
  • -physical biology: understanding natural processes
  • -physics: study of matter, energy, and motion
  • -includes laws of motion and thermodynamics, and laws of conservation

biophysics: describe and explain patterns in biological processes

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9
Q

Testable nature of hypotheses

A
  • -scientific facts: objective observations not explanations, confirmed by data repeatedly
  • -facts accepted as truth, not proof

–hypotheses (proposed and testable) and theories: explanations of natural phenomena

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10
Q

Formulation of theories based on accumulated data

A
  • -hypotheses: tested and confirmed time and time again, data accumulated to be considered theory
  • -many sources of evidence needed
  • -theory: valid explanation of phenomena
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11
Q

Durability of laws

A
  • -not explanations of phenomena
  • -description of natural phenomena
  • -distinguished by their durability
  • -durability: ability to stay constant over time and their predictive nature
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12
Q

Cell theory and germ theory

A

Cell theory: all living things are made of cells
–Robert Hooke: used microscope to identify, describe, name cells

Germ theory:

  • -Louis Pasteur
  • -discovered microorganisms cause food spoilage and disease
  • -confirmed cell theory by showing cells come from other cells
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13
Q

Heredity, evolution, and ecology

A

Heredity: how genes pass thru generations

  • -Gregor Mendel
  • -observed variation in pea plants by cross breeding plants for specific traits
  • -concluded plants get one allele from each parent and one of these will be expressed as trait

Evolution: how sp change over time
-Charles Darwin

Identified driving forces

  • -descent with modification
  • -natural selection

Both heredity and evolution play major role in ecology

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14
Q

Structure and nature of genetic material

A

–genetics: studies structure and fn of genetic material as chromosomes and how passed on

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
-confirmed DNA has the genetic material

James Watson and Francis Crick

  • DNA is double helix
  • Rosalind Franklin contrib data to this discovery
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15
Q

Classification of organisms

A

Biological Classification

  • -group organisms based on similarities
  • -taxonomy
  • -based on hierarchical system by Carl Linnaeus
  • -Carl Linnaeus system grouped species
  • –Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
  • -system modified by Carl Woese
  • discovered Archaea
  • added Domain
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16
Q

Precision vs accuracy

A

Precision: how close repeated values are to one another

Accuracy: how close measured value is to true value

17
Q

Metric and SI units

A
  • -modern form of metric system
  • -helps to maintain standards of data across countries

metric system: use metric units
–prefix paired with base unit

SI units: 
meter (length)
kilogram (mass)
second (time)
ampere (electric current)
kelvin (temp)
candela (luminous intensity)
mole (amt of substance)
18
Q

Unit conversions

A

–conversion: changing a metric or SI unit into another metric or SI by multiplying or dividing by a power of 10

–conversion factor: power of 10, indicated by name of prefix

–conversion factor is multiplied for converting to a smaller unit
& divided for converting to a larger unit

19
Q

Scientific notation and sig figs

A

–shorthand method of writing very large or small numbers

sig figs: non-zero numbers, zeros bw them, and final zero

the more sig figs the more precise

20
Q

Linear vs log scales

A

Linear scale: shows equal values using equal divisions
–explain direct relationships

Logarithmic scale: nonlinear–units written in orders of magnitude or powers of 10
–makes ratio based comparisons for large amts of numbers

21
Q

Identify patterns and trends in data

A

Patterns

  • -tables, graphs, charts to identify
  • -used for patterns with similar or repeated sequences of data

Trends

  • -data that moves in general direction
  • -requires accurate data
22
Q

Choose appropriate types of of graphs or charts

A

Line graphs & Scatter Plots

  • -show relationships bw variables
  • -record quantitative data
  • -independent variable (x)
  • -dependent (y)
  • -line graphs :large trends

Bar graphs

  • -compare data
  • -exist in diff categories esp if qualitative data

Histograms

  • -similar in structure to bar graphs
  • -represent data that can be expressed in ranges of numbers not categories

Pie charts:

  • -represent data when expressed as a proportion of a whole
  • -data interpreted in comparison with all data collected
23
Q

Error Analysis

A
  • -systemic errors stem from flaws in data, alters accuracy
  • -random errors: unpredictable
  • -both types must be accounted for in error analysis

Error Analysis

  • -calculates percent error observed in experiment
  • -done by comparing results to established value
  • -percent error less than 10% is acceptable
24
Q

Draw conclusions and make predictions

A

–any errors should be incorporated into conclusions

–scientists analyze data from figures to draw conclusions from the trends and make predictions

25
Q

Limitations of models

A
  • -Cannot be exact replicas

- -scientists have to use multiple models and modify existing ones for new observations

26
Q

Select models for a given purpose

A

–model: description or representation of natural phenomena used to help explain or understand it

–diff models for diff purposes

27
Q

Physical, conceptual, graphical and/or mathematical models

A

Physical: physical copies of phenomenon built to scale
-physically visualize processes/phenomena

Conceptual: visual representation of abstract concepts while also describing behavior

Mathematical: describe and predict behavior or phenomena

Graphical: probability and statistics

28
Q

Molarity and percent solutions

A

Molarity: measure of a solute or dissolved material in a solution
–used to express percent concentration of that solution

–solutions can be diluted by adding more solvent (the substance in which the solute is dissolved)

29
Q

Acid and base solutions

A

–Repairing and using these solutions requires additional safety procedures

Acids: corrosive, must use aprons, nitrile rubber gloves, chemical splash goggles

  • -proper ventilation
  • -eyewash
  • -spill control materials
  • -always add acid to water NOT vice versa
  • -stored in corrosives cabinet

Bases:
–can be stored same space but physically separated from acids

All prepared and stored solutions must be:

  • -labeled with acid
  • -concentration
  • -hazard warning
  • -date prepared
  • -review MSDS before disposal
  • -always dilute and neutralize acids
30
Q

Flammable and/or caustic materials

A

Flammable/caustic: able to destroy organic material

31
Q

Biological specimens and waste

A
  • -blood, urine, tissue, culture specimens
  • -use pipettes or leaf proof containers for biohazards
  • -use disinfectants if are infectious materials
  • post hazard signs
  • -materials must be contained, appropriate materials used
  • -materials stored in biological safety cabinets

–biological waste: when dispose must be inactivated by autoclaving or bleach treating within 24 hrs

–inactivated and non biological waste and sharps placed in closed leak proof biowaste container

32
Q

Optical Equipment

A

–disperses, concentrates, redirects light using lenses, mirrors, or prisms

–microscopes and telescopes: use objective lenses and eyepiece lenses to magnify

–LASERs: high energy, narrow beams of concentrated monochromatic light

–Spectrometers: measure/record light properties and wave spectrums

33
Q

Separation Equipment

A

–separates mixture into distinct separate components

Mechanical separation

  • -filtration using funnels or sieves
  • -remove large particles from liquid
  • -centrifuge: separate mixture at high speeds

Chemical separation:

  • -via distillation
  • -purifies and separates liquids thru heating and cooling
  • -uses burners, tubing, flasks
  • -chromatography: separates mixtures by allowing gas or liquid to flow over material
  • -components separate as they flow at diff rates
  • -use columns, detectors,, pumps

Magnetic separation:

  • -magnetic devices to attract and remove magnetic components out of the non magnetic substance in mixture
  • -uses separators and columns

Electric Separation:

  • -gel electrophoresis
  • -uses electrical pulses to separate DNA, RNA, and/or proteins
  • -uses power supply, chambers, gel, etc
34
Q

Measurement, mixing, and heating equipment

A
  • -meters sticks
  • -graduated cylinders
  • -balances
  • -thermometers
  • -timers
  • -use metric system
  • -pH: 14 point scale

mixing lab equipment:

  • -pipettes
  • -stirrers

heating lab equipment

  • -remove all flammable materials
  • -Should be AVOIDED: plastic, closed or narrow neck containers (flasks)
  • -crucibles: used for heating things at high temps
  • -protective clothing and equipment (tongs, hot pads)

Open flames:

  • -alcohol burners: low open flames at low temps
  • -bunsen burners: higher hotter flames

Other heating:

  • -ovens
  • -uniformly heat and dry materials
35
Q

Sterilization Equipment

A

–effectively remove bacteria that could present a hazard

Small scale sterilization:
–wiping materials with solvent or heating in ovens or over burners

Large scale sterilization:

  • -industrial sterilizers
  • -autoclaves

Autoclaves: high pressure and temp, reliable
–121 degrees Celsius for 15-20 minutes, up to 30

36
Q

Use of MSDS or SDS

A

–chemical cmpds and solutions used in lab must have MSDS or SDS

MSDS contains

  • -potential health, fire, reactivity, and environmental hazards
  • -instructions for:
  • proper and safe prep
  • use, storage, handling
  • preventative and first aid
37
Q

Use of PPE

A
  • -minimize hazard exposure and reduce risk of injury/illness
  • -must follow OSHA

PPE program must meet:

  • identify and address potential hazards
  • -select proper PPE based on hazards
  • -maintain and monitor use of PPE

–lab aprons, lab coats, made from polyethylene or nitrile for aggressive and caustic materials

–also use gloves and goggles

38
Q

Use of lab safety equipment

A
  • -use safe chemical storage
  • -avoid taking out more materials than need
  • -first aid kit
  • -fire blankets: grease fire
  • -fire extinguisher
  • -glass disposal: appropriate bag/box, sealed, dispose
  • -above info does not apply to glassware with hazardous material
  • -eyewash: 15 minutes
  • -emergency shower

Praxis II Biology (6 decks)

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