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[5] COM101 | PURP COM > Nature of Language > Flashcards

Nature of Language Flashcards

1
Q

” (1) _______ is a primarily human and non- instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols” - (2) ______

A

(1) Language

(2) Sapir

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2
Q

“Language, in its widest sense, means the (1) ______ of such signs of our thoughts and feelings as are capable of external perception and as could be produced and repeated at will” - (2) ______

A

(1) sum total

(2) A. H. Gardiner

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3
Q

“Language may be defined as the (1) ______ by means of speech-sounds” - (2) ______.

A

(1) expression of thought

(2) Henry Sweet

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4
Q

“A system of communication by sound i.e., through the (1) ______, among human beings of a certain group or community, using vocal symbols possessing arbitrary conventional meanings.” - (2) ______

A

(1) organs of speech and hearing

(2) Mario A Pei & Frank Gayno

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5
Q

Language is human…a (1) ______… a means of transmitting information…a form of social behaviour… (with a) high degree of convention.” - (2) ______.

A

(1) verbal systematic symbolism

(2) J. Whatmough

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6
Q

“A language is a device that establishes (1) ______, pairing meanings with signals to enable people to exchange ideas through observable sequences of sound.” - (2) ______

A

(1) sound-meaning correlations

(2) Ronals W. Langacker

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7
Q

“A language is (1) ______ as produced by the action of the tongue and adjacent vocal organs… The body of words and methods of combining words used and understood by a considerable community, especially when fixed and elaborated by long usage; a tongue” - (2) ______

A

(1) audible, articulate human speech

(2) Webster

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8
Q

Is a body of words and the systems for their use common to a people who are of the same community or nation, the same geographical area, or the same cultural tradition.

A

Language

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9
Q

Any system of __________, or the like used or conceived as a means of communicating thought, emotion, etc.

A

formalized symbols, signs, sounds, gestures

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10
Q

In computers, language is a set of __________ for their combination and use, by means of which a computer can be given directions.

A

characters and symbols and syntactic rules

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11
Q

Origin of Language

  • Scientists (1) ______ when human language was first used.
  • Estimates range from (2) ______ years ago to only ______ years ago.
  • The nature of speech means there is (3) ______ to base these conclusions on.
A

(1) do not agree on

(2) 2,000,000; 40,000

(3) no data

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12
Q

Language Properties

C - ______
A - ______
M - ______
M - ______
P - ______
D - ______

A

Communicative
Arbitrary (except for onomatopoeia)
Meaningfully structured
Multiple structures
Productive
Dynamic

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13
Q

Is the study of the different phonemes found in various
cultures.

A

Phonemics

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14
Q

Is the study of the physical sounds of human speech.

A

Phonetics

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15
Q

Are the simplest units of sound with meaning. Prefixes and
suffixes are considered as such.

Ex: un|break|able

A

Morphemes

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16
Q

A ______ is the total set of morphemes a person knows.

A

lexicon

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17
Q

Is the number of words a person knows. The average person has around 20,000 words in the vocabulary.

A

Vocabulary

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18
Q

A ______ is the way in which words are put together to form phrases or clauses.

A

SYNTAX

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19
Q

The study of the meaning of words.

A

SEMANTICS

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20
Q

A theory of semantics where the meaning comes from the defining features of a concept

A

Definitional Theory

21
Q

A theory of semantics where characteristic features and prototypical aspects of a concept; better way to understand meaning.

A

Prototype Theory

22
Q

Focuses on a higher level of analysis and on the implied
meaning of the given idea.

A

PRAGMATICS

23
Q

What is being spoken

A

Verbal

24
Q
  • Communication besides spoken words
  • Can occur through any sensory channel– sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste
A

Nonverbal

25
Q
  • The use of informal words and expressions to
    describe an object or condition.
  • Vocabulary that is meant to be interpreted quickly but
    not necessarily taken literally.
  • Often metaphors or allegories.
  • Some examples are: “That’s bad!” meaning “That’s really nice, awesome, etc.”
A

Slang Language

26
Q

PHP
C#
AJAX
JavaScript
Perl
C
Ruby and Ruby on Rails
Java
Python
Visual Basic .Net

A

Computer Language

27
Q

The right side of the body, speech, writing, hearing, language, and mathematical calculation is controled by the _______.

A

Left side of the brain

28
Q

The left side of the body, touch, hearing, spatial visualization, and analysis is controlled by the ______.

A

Right side of the brain

29
Q

Objects, characters, or other concrete representations of ideas, concepts, or other abstractions

A

Language Symbol

30
Q

When symbols are transmitted between locations in the brain, we are thinking in ______.

A

language

31
Q

When symbols are converted into articulatory gestures and sounds are heard by others, we are ______.

A

talking or communicating

32
Q

When symbols are converted into bits in a computer, printed, or written, we are ______.

A

storing information

33
Q

The process by which the language capability develops in a human.

A

Language Acquisition

34
Q

Seven Stages of Language Acquisition

  1. P - ______
  2. P - ______
  3. B - ______
  4. O - ______
  5. T - ______
  6. T - ______
  7. B - ______
A
  1. Prenatal responsivity to human voices
  2. Postnatal cooing
  3. Babbling
  4. One-word utterances
  5. Two-word utterances
  6. Telegraphic speech
  7. Basic adult sentence structure
35
Q

It is a process by which people, while growing up, acquire languages used by those in the community

A

Language Acquisition

36
Q

It is a process by which people learn languages by studying
formally in school or informally on their own.

A

Language Learning

37
Q

It is the result of language contact (constant interaction and communication).

A

Language Change

38
Q

A statement that is true for all natural languages.

A

Linguistic Universals

39
Q

Only ______ color names are needed: black, white, red, yellow, green, blue, brown, purple, pink, orange, and gray.

A

11

40
Q

A writing system where symbols and morphemes correspond (Chinese and Japanese)

A

Logographic

41
Q

A writing system where symbols and syllables correspond (Japanese, Akkadian, and Mayan)

A

Syllabic

42
Q

A writing system where symbols and sounds correspond (Hebrew, Greek, Latin,
Arabic, Cyrillic, etc.)

A

Alphabetic

43
Q

How nouns and verbs and other meaningful units can be arranged

A

Grammar

44
Q

When we speak, we do not use words in random order, they are arranged into ______ & ______

A

grammatical syntagms, expressions

45
Q

A ______ is a serial arrangement of various parts of speech

A

grammatical syntagm

46
Q

The scientific study of the nature and structure of language

A

Linguistics

47
Q

The subfields of Linguistics include:
- P ______ (articulatory gestures & sounds of language)
- S ______ (meaning)
- S ______ (grammar)
- H ______ (history & family trees of
languages)
- P ______ (psychology of linguistics)
- S ______ (sociology of language)

A

Phonology & phonetics
Semantics
Syntax
Historical linguistics
Psycholinguistics
Sociolinguistics

48
Q
  • Swiss linguist who showed us how to separate historical
    linguistics from non-historical linguistics
  • Believed to be the greatest linguist, even today, and few can dispute his theories
A

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)

[5] COM101 | PURP COM (1 decks)

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