Nature of Injury in Sports Flashcards
What are the 2 types of classifications of sports injuries?
Acute and overuse.
What can overuse injuries be caused by?
Overuse injuries are caused by overload which can be from any of the following:
1. Intrinsic factors - e.g. anatomical muscle imbalance
2. Increased participation
3. Increased intensity and/or intensity of training
4. Extrinsic Factors - Training errors, poor technique, incorrect equipment, poor conditions
This overload causes tissue injury, which leads to inflammation and pain which requires rest, healing, rehabilitation and correction of cause or more tissue injury will occur.
What can injuries to bone be caused by?
Can be direct (e.g. from a tackle) or indirect (fall or twisting).
Classifications of bone injuries?
Closed or open (skin is intact or bone pokes through skin).
Bone fractures can be transverse, oblique, spiral or comminuted.
Complications of bone injuries?
Infection, acute compartment syndrome (where swelling in a muscle compartment presses on structures within the compartment causing severe pain), DVT/Pulmonary Embolism
What are injuries to articular cartilage associated with?
Shearing forces such as dislocations/soft tissue injuries
Common sites for articular cartilage injury?
Talus, femoral condyles, patella and humerus.
Different types of joint injuries?
Dislocation - Total and complete dissociation of the 2 joint surfaces
Subluxation - Some contact of the articulating surfaces remains
What do ligaments do?
Ligaments are bands of tissue that help connect bones, joints and organs and hold them in place. Ligaments allow joints to move directions they are intended to move but also strengthen joints and prevent dislocation.
Different grades of ligament injuries?
Grade 1: Slight stretching and some damage to the fibres of the ligament.
Grade 2: Partial tearing of the ligament. There is abnormal looseness (laxity) in the joint when it is moved in certain ways
Grade 3: Complete tear with excessive laxity and no endpoint. It may be pain-free as nerves are torn.
Common muscle injuries in sport?
Quadriceps rupture
Hamstring rupture
Contusions - Also known as ‘dead leg/charley-horse’ when it affects the quads, contusions result from direct blows and causes bleeding into the muscle.
Contusions myositis ossificans - This is when a haematoma (solid swelling of clotted blood) calcifies, mostly from a severe contusion.
Where do tendon injuries usually occur?
Normally at the point where blood supply is least (e.g. Achilles tendon at the MC junction).
Tendon injuries most commonly impact Achilles tendon (Achilles tendonopathy, a chronic repetitive overload injury) and supraspinatus tendon.
What causes injuries to bursa?
Bursa injuries are most commonly from overuse but can be traumatic with bleeding.
